Fumihiko Maki

into their understand of Brutalism. Therefore it is no coincidence that Rohan would argue for Rudolph’s affiliation with Louis Sullivan, an architect of the american arts and crafts movement. A major influence on brutalism beginning in the 60’s was Metabolism, the post -war architectural movement originating in Japan, which looked to combine ideas about organic biological growth with architectural ideas about megastructures. The metabolism manifesto was first published in 1960 at the Tokyo World Design Conference. Architects including Louis Kahn, Paul Rudolph and Alison and Peter Smithson were invited. The manifesto was a compilation of projects and essays by young Japanese architects including Kiyonori Kikutake, Kisho Kurosawa,and Fumihiko Maki. In 1960 Kenzo Tange a member of CIAM in the 1950’s and pioneer of the metabolism movement presented a new plan for Tokyo Bay. The Tokyo Bay project was very significant, serving as a precedent for the competition entry for the redevelopment of Skopje in 1963. Including international projects in Europe Tange taught at MIT in America. Furthermore Philip Goad notes that Tange had a strong presence in Australia through the publications and writings of architect Robin Boyd, becoming a major influence on Australian architecture. Brutalism in Australia was defined by its appearance in Australia from the late 1950s until the late 1970s. Jennifer Taylor made one of the first historical accounts in 1972 in the book Australian…