Full genome sequencing

Introduction: Genetic transformation is used in many areas of biotechnology. In medicine, diseases caused by defective genes are beginning to be treated by gene therapy by genetically transforming a sick person’s cells with healthy copies of the defective gene that causes their disease. Genes can be cut out of human, animal, or plant DNA and placed inside bacteria, which could treat a person with that disease. For example, a healthy person’s gene for the insulin can be put into bacteria. Under…

Gene therapy is an experimental form of treatment that modify the expression of an individual’s genes or correct abnormal genes by replacing a faulty disease-causing gene with a working version, or by introducing a new gene to cure a condition or modify its effects. For example, diseases such as cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, hemophilia, and many cancers result from the presence of defective genes. Gene transfer first appeared in 1960s. The first therapeutic use of gene transfer was…

DNA sequencing (Sanger to NGS) Introduction: The DNA sequencing methods have quickly evaluated for the forty last years and their finding was joined by breakthroughs in the field of Molecular biology (1). The first efficient method to sequencing DNA was found by F.Sanger in 1977 (2). But the huge desire to sequencing genomes required faster methods and many improvements were made. Fluorescence, capillary electrophoresis and microarrays led to a new way for sequencing genes : the Next Generation…

Discussion: This experiment was designed to understand how manipulating protein expression would change C. elegans’ level of chemo sensation. Based on the data generated from our individual data and the class data, the data did not match the theoretical numbers. Only our individual syd-1 data was able to exactly match with the theoretical chemotaxis index. There are many potential reasons why the worms did not move towards the diacetyl, however, it was surprising how syd-1expressed such a…

C.R.I.S.P.R.-Cas9 is a technology that is used to target specific stretches of genetic code and edit DNA at precise locations.It also finds breaks in the DNA and either puts it back together with a tiny change, or puts it back together with a piece of donor DNA. It allows scientists to modify genes in living cells and organisms, and also may cure mutations in the future. I think that this technology is and isn’t a good thing to spread around the world. There is more pros to C.R.I.S.P.R.-Cas9…

Sydney Brenner proposed C. elegans as a model system for studies of development and neurobiology. Researchers share their findings in C. elegans genome via the internet with other researchers from around the world. The process of sharing the genome database on the world wide web provides a working framework for researchers who are working on the human genome project In 1969, John Sulston developed a technique to freeze and thaw the worm. As a result, the numbers and availability of both wild…

One great organism to study is Caenorhabditis elegans (C.elegans ) because it is hermaphrodites, transparents and small enough to observe under the microscope. After adding mutagens to them, scientists can get all kinds of freak worms after few days. “Bag of worms” are one of them. It can not lay eggs so its body occupied with dozens of eggs. When eggs hatched inside the worm, larvae eat the mother worm and them come out. Ambros, a scientists who just finished doctor degree at MIT, first…

Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that exclusively infect and replicate within bacterial cells. Phages are ubiquitous, with an estimated 1x106 particles per drop of seawater and as many as 1x108 particles per g of soil. Phage predation destroys an estimated one-half of the bacterial population worldwide every 48 h, hence regulating the population dynamics of natural bacteria (Deresinski 2008). Bacteriophages attach to their host cell by specialized structures called tail fibers, inject their…

editing of the genome has been achieved and advanced through the development of sequence-specific nucleases1. Zinc-finger nucleases and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) are programmable DNA binding nucleases previously used to achieve this targeted editing of DNA. However these tools have been found to be both time consuming and difficult to employ. The development a system known as CRISPR/Cas9 system brings both ease and efficiency to world of targeted genome editing.…

When dog owners identify an interesting trait in a dog, Some owners would breed that in hope that the trait would be passed on. After many times of this situation happening, (especially where two dogs with the same trait are bred with each other) traits become fixed. If you can understand the genetics, you can start to predict on what you will see in a crossbreed. As of now there are over four hundred breeds of dogs and all are maintained as pure-bred stocks through selective breeding, which…