Freedom of expression

The variation could be inherited and be a part of the studied individual and therefore even be in its germline. This is called transgenerational epigenetic inheritance and proofs that epigenetic markers can be inherited, even though it is not exactly understood how (Rakyan et al. 2011b). Also, Stochastics are an important factor in epigenetic variation. If the variation occurs early, like in the utero, it can affect the whole body of the individual, but If it occurs after birth or later in life…

Functions of protein TP53 TP53 has a general name called tumor suppressor protein p53. Tp53 has many names such as phosphoprotein p53, cellular tumor antigen p53, tumor suppressor p53, antigen NY-CO-13, or transformation-related protein 53 (TRP53). Also, TP53 has also been referred to as the guardian of the genome [19]. In 1979, scientists first observed the gene by using SDS-PAGE and found it has a size of about 53-kilodalton (kDa). The location of the TP53 gene is at chromosome 17, at…

The micro RNA 374a directly targets and suppresses the multiple negative regulators of the Wnt-B catenin signaling such as WIF1, PTEN, and WNT5A. The inhibition of B-catenin signaling by the DKK1 or the SFRP1 protein overexpression reduces the expression of breast epithelial markers. An accumulation of B-catenin in the primary tumors further emphasizes the essential role of B-catenin in the process of metastasis. The canonical Wnt/B catenin signaling pathway is initiated when the Wnt ligands…

Recombinant Angiostatin and Endostatin are naturally occurring polypeptides that are found several animal species and in humans. Angiostatin is produced by the cleavage of plasminogen and endostatin is formed by the splitting of collagen XVlll. Its main functions are being endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis that had been shown to reduce tumours size in murine models. They both are currently still being studied and undergoing clinical trials. Angiogenesis is defined as the development of new…

All genes of living organisms are translated into proteins according to a single genetic code. Eighteen out of the twenty amino acids are encoded by multiple codons, called synonymous codons. If the ultimate goal of protein translation is to produce the encoded amino acid, each synonymous codon should be used equally. Interestingly however, biased usage among synonymous codons occurs in organisms like Escherichia coli and yeast. Codon usage bias refers to the fact that some synonymous codons are…

of renal injury. Objectives: This study aims to determine the association between NF-кB level and renal disease progression among patients with AKI and nephrotic syndrome. Methods: A comparative follow up study was conducted to assess in situ expression of NF- B in renal biopsy of nephrotic syndrome and AKI patients. Kidney samples were obtained by percutaneous renal biopsy. The renal biopsies from 20 patients with nephrotic range proteinuria were studied and compared with 10 patients with AKI…

Epigenetics is the modification of the genome to regulate gene expression. This process is achieved through a variety of different mechanisms including but not limited to, chromatin condensation, acetylation modification, and methylation modification. Gene expression can also be altered through a number of non-epigenetic mechanisms, such as environmental factors, like temperature, and the introduction of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) into the environment. The level of chromatin…

people’s lifestyles, and 5 percent (5%) due to inherited mutations [2] The transcription of a gene begins with transcription elements, mostly protein and RNAs, binding to regulatory sites on DNA. The frequency of this binding affects the level of expression. Experiments have verified that a stronger binding site will increase the effect of a protein on transcription rate. On the other hand, since the DNA sequences is unchanged,…

Figure 5. Rosiglitazone (highlighted in green) forms three salt bridges with neighboring atoms at the hydrophilic end of the LBD. Rosiglitazone binding to PPARγ causes a conformational change within the complex that causes the dissociation of the endogenous ligand and the recruitment of a nuclear receptor coactivator 2, NCoA-2. This similarly occurs in the other half of the complex: RXRα Receptor A type II nuclear receptor as well, RXR-α heterodimerizes with PPARγ. The ligand that…

Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic gram-positive cocci bacteria that grows through fermentation and anaerobic respiration. Its growth experiences three stages— a lag phase where infection initiates, an exponential stage S. aureus quickly grows, and a stationary phase where the bacteria alters cellular metabolism for long-term survival. The species is known for its golden-colored colonies, and 50 percent by mass peptidoglycan cell walls (Gordon and Lowy, 2008). S. aureus is the leading cause…