Freedom of expression

A case on cancer cell By Shamik D. Majumdar What does cancer cell mean? Normal cells can repair themselves if any part gets damaged . This process is known as DNA repair. If the damage is too bad, they will self slaughter- known as apoptosis. (1) The molecules in cancer cells decide whether a cell should repair itself or not .EX: “a protein called p53 normally checks to see if the genes can be repaired or whether the cell should die”, so basically it…

Genes are the basic physical and functional unit of heredity, and make up DNA, acting as instructions for the production of proteins in the organism of every living thing. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is condensed and packaged around histones, which order it into units known as nucleosomes. The epigenome is made up of chemical compounds and proteins that can attach to DNA and switch certain genes on or off, controlling the functions and roles of different cells. Epigenetics, which involves…

(“Epigenetics: The hidden life”, 2009), (“Epigenetics: How food upsets”) I was really impressed. I’ve never thought about the term or why identical twins are sometimes different. I knew people usually use the words “we are what we eat”, but what does this expression really mean? Now it makes sense to me. I also learned how susceptible we are to inherit epigenetic changes due to DNA methylation from our parents. In both videos, they study how two monozygotic twins with the same DNA sequence will…

The free radical theory hypothesis, initially proposed in the mid-1950s, has developed into a noteworthy aging hypothesis. Free radicals are exceptionally flimsy and receptive particles that can be created by ordinary digestion system, responses to illumination, chain responses with other free radicals, and oxidation of certain natural poisons, for example, ozone, pesticides, and air contaminations. Free radicals and their conjugated mixes are fit for assaulting different atoms since they have…

Survival Time: Table 1 showsthe effect of different extracts of Punica grantum L and Ziziphus mauritiana on mean survival time and % ILS against EAC. In the EAC control group, the mean survival time was 14 days and it increased significantly to 23 and 21 days with ethanol extract of combination ofZiziphus mauritiana andPunica grantum L ZP (E) and ethanol extract Punica grantum L P(E) of treated groups respectively. The mean survival time in 5-Flurouracil treated mice found to be 26 days ( r <…

TNF was formerly called cachectin and later termed TNF- a. A protein related to TNF originally termed "lymphotoxin" was also discovered which known as TNF-β. TNF-a is synthesized as a prohormone and then processed intracellularly through successive steps of proteolytic cleavage by enzyme called TNF-a converting enzyme (TACE) to its mature form. ( Joost and Francis, 2001) TNF was formerly called cachectin and later termed TNF- a. A protein related to TNF originally termed "lymphotoxin" was also…

Rad8 is a conserved protein, it was previously reported to be sensitive towards both UV and gamma irradiation during G1/S period in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Doe et al., 1993). It consists of three conserved domains, including E3 ubiquitin ligase motif, SNF2 helicase domain, and a family specific HIRAN domain. Rad8 is required for error-free post-replication repair by contributing to polyubiquitylation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Up-regulation (12.52-fold) of Rad8 indicated…

The disease is caused by unequal crossing over is the Alagille syndrome. Its signs and symptoms depend on which part of the body it affected. If it affects the liver, its signs and symptoms are jaundice, itchy skin, and xanthomas. Most people who have this disorder usually “have distinctive facial features including a broad, prominent forehead; deep-set eyes; and a small, pointed chin” (NIH, 2016). This disease is associated with other diseases such as pulmonic stenosis and tetralogy of Fallot.…

Each gene has instructions to make or build a protein. In protein coding the sequence is always in groups of three nucleotides. These groups of three are called codons. Every codon has one amino acid in a protein. All proteins need to start with the ATG codon. Most biological activities are carried out by proteins. In order to have the DNA sequence that reads ATG-ACT-CAT-GAG-TGA to be translated into the RNA to build a protein there has to be proteins that are not the same to be able to…

The focal point of the image, ‘Oliver Asking for More,’ is the gentleman standing opposite the other people who are seated. The man attracts the attention at first glance because he looks bigger than the other people in the picture, and his clothes are painted white while the other people have their clothes painted dark. After gazing at the image of the man, my eyes are then attracted to his legs. The legs look bent while he leans on the wall. The attention of the gaze of the legs is based on…