Francisella tularensis

Francisella tularensis is an important microbial agent which causes the severe infection of tularemia. The intracellular life cycle of this bacterium is supported by a vast range of protective guards such as enzymes. Although several enzymes are recognized in different subspecies of the bacterium, acid phosphatase and superoxide dismutase are seen in all bacterial subspecies. On the other hand, the most important enzymatic system relating to host cells is NADPH oxidase. For this reason, the clear aim of this mini-review is to discuss about the intracellular life cycle of Francisella tularensis and important enzymatic machineries in association to bacterium and its host cells. As a result, all of the biological systems including bacterial (prokaryotic)…

Background: Francisella tularensis (F.tularensis) is the etiological microorganism for tularemia. There are different forms of tularemia such as respiratory tularemia. Respiratory tularemia is the most severe form of tularemia with a high rate of mortality; if not treated. Therefore, traditional microbiological tools and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) are not useful for a rapid, reliable, accurate, sensitive and specific diagnosis. But, DNA microarray technology does. DNA microarray technology…

Francisella tularensis is a bacterium that has been recognized to be an agent responsible for the disease known as tularemia. This disease, in essence, sends the immune system of the organism into a hyperactive state, sometimes referred to as hypercytokinemia due to the elevated levels of various cytokines, which if not treated properly could lead to extremely high fevers, inflammation of various tissues, and (if contracted through aerosol form) the death of the infected organism. Specifically,…

Dermacentor variabilis, a tick commonly found on humans and dogs, is commonly studied in order to increase awareness of the risks that are associated with tick bites (Estrada-Pena et al. 1999). Ticks have the ability to cause paralyses, toxicoses, allergic reactions, and are vectors of many viruses, including rickerrsial, bacterial and protozoan pathogens (Estrada-Pena et al. 1999). Dermacentor variabilis is often found on humans that have been exposed to infested vegetation (Estrada-Pena et al.…

(24). III. Francisella tularensis Francisella tularensis is a fastidious (requires cystiene), aerobic, gram-negative, coccobacilli, non-sporulating, non-motile bacteria (25, 26). Francisella tularensis causes Tularemia. It is spread by bites from insects like deerflies, ticks. Also, it could get transmitted via infected animals like rabbits, rodents, hares, reptiles, birds, fish ,etc. It could also be airborne via inhalation of aerosols emerged from infected animals (27). Common symptoms could…

agents that require BSL-3 level containment agents offers many challenges for researchers. BSL-3 containment laboratories are usually not equipped with expensive specialty equipment that is needed for studies such as flow cytometric analysis, microscopy, and proteomic analyses. Therefore, for most researchers that are working with BSL-3 level infectious agents, removal of samples from BSL-3 labs for these types of studies is necessary, and methods for complete and dependable inactivation of the…

let's start with the three categories. Category A is known as the highest priority because these diseases pose a huge risk to the safety of the public. The reason this is poses a risk is these agents or diseases can easily be transmitted from one person to another and can cause a huge public health crisis. One disease in this category is Smallpox also known as variola major. This acute contagious disease caused a huge frenzy in 1949 with symptoms like a fever and skin rash but a vaccination was…

In the early days of research, 23 cases of cutaneous anthrax occurred between 1944 and 1945. Because of this, procedures were improved drastically, along with laboratory guidelines. Biosafety cabinets, or BSC’s, were introduced into laboratories and the instances of exposure went down to only two cases between 1948 and 1952. Much was the same for other pathogens. With the introduction of vaccines for diseases such as Q Fever and Franciscella tularensis, the instances of infection decreased even…

tubular necrosis, probably related to interference in the phospholipids metabolism in proximal tubular cells lysosomes with resultant leakage of proteolytic enzyme into the cytoplasm. Ototoxic – (Toxicity of the 8th cranial nerve). 3.2.5 Indications and uses Active against a wide range of human bacterial infections, mostly Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas, Proteus, Serratia, and the Gram-positive Staphylococcus. Gentamicin is not used for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria…