Fracture toughness

required engineering material in the twenty first century, largely due to its exceptional mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. For Example monolayer of graphene sheet has Young’s modulus of about 1 TPa [Ref], shear modulus of 280 GPa [Ref], fracture strength of 130 GPa [Ref], thermal conductivity of 5000 W/mK [Ref], longitudinal sound velocity of 20Km/s [Ref], melting temperature of 4900 K [Ref] and also it has high electron mobility of 250,000 cm2/Vs [Ref] at room temperature. All…

cartilage It owes its flexibility and toughness to the former of these constituents, and its elasticity to the latter. The skeleton consists of 206 bones and which are classified to shape as long, short, flat or…

1.1 Overview of aerospace industry Globally, 3.57 billion passengers travelled on aeroplanes during 2015 and the demand for air travel is predicted to keep rising.1 As the frequency of air travel is increasing, it places a pressure on the aerospace industry to improve material performance and the efficiency of their transportation.2 Classically aircraft were constructed from metallic materials such as aluminium and titanium. Therefore, new materials must have specific properties and…

These are similar to mineral component that present in bones and hard tissues (Ilie et al., 2016). The combination of ceramic based materials - hydroxyapatite and natural polymer as sodium alginate will provide strength, stiffness and fracture toughness to bone (S. Lala et al., 2016). The composite materials have been used in load bearing application such as filler and bone defect. Alginate (Alg) is a natural polymer which synthesized from brown algae. Alginate is more prefer to be used due…

their surgeons, physical therapists, and physicians to repair themselves before it all begins again in a couple months. This is also a time that certain hockey fans – you know the breed – come out of the woodwork to laud these battered soldiers’ toughness and grit. They come equipped with memes comparing their hardy hockey heroes to those pansies on the soccer or basketball benches. Search the #PleaseLikeMySport hashtag on Twitter and you will find plenty of these fans, blissfully unaware that…

Magnesium Alloy: Microstructure Characteristics: Fig (8) : Shows the microstructure of Magnesium alloy. Picture source: http://www.omicsonline.org/JMSTimages/2155-9589-2-114-g001.html Magnesium alloys have a hexagonal lattice structure. They are the lightest of all structural metals. Magnesium alloys possess a low galling tendency as a bearing surface in conjunction with shaft hardness above 400…

2.4.1 Magnesium Properties Magnesium is the essential to human body and naturally it is found in bone and it is the fourth cation in human body. Magnesium is a lightweight metal with a density of 1.74 g/cm3. The fracture toughness of magnesium are greater than the ceramic materials such as hydroxyapatite. Elastic modulus and compressive yield strength of magnesium are similarly to human bone. The disadvantages of magnesium is it has low corrosion resistance and stimulatory effects on the growth…

Amenorrhea is a serious health condition and can result in bone loss and long-term health consequences. If a gymnast stops having regular periods, they should inform a doctor and not ignore it. When treating amenorrhea early, bone loss and serious fractures may be prevented when aging in the…

microstructure for PTFE is found to be auxetic, where PTFE has a nodule and fibril structure on the microscopic scale, making it useful in small spaces [3]. Foam is one of the most common forms of auxetic materials; auxetic foams also display fracture toughness and crack resistance in addition to the other properties of auxetics mentioned earlier [10]. Non-auxetic foams are manufactured to be auxetic through a process of compression on all axes and thermal deformation [3] as well as soaking the…

Question 2 What are stem cells (what characteristics define them)? Stem cells are cells that has the potential to develop into different cell types in the body during early life and growth. They serve as an internal repair system , dividing essentially without limit to replenish other cells as long as the person is alive .When a stem cell divides it can either remain as a stem cell or can develop into a cell with more specialized function like muscle cell, red blood cell etc. Two…