Fractional distillation

The steps of synthesis process can be explained in Fig. 1. The Zn (NO3)2.4H2O (zinc nitrate tetrahydrate) and Al (NO3)2.9H2O (aluminum nitrate nonahydrate) (Merck) are used as a precursor. ZnO precursor solution with the concentration of 0.15 M was made by dissolving 0.89 grams of powder precursor Zn(NO3)3.4H2O in 40 ml of solvent. Solvent comprises a mixture of 30 ml deionized water and 10 ml of ethanol. To speed up the process of dissolution, the mixture was stirred using a magnetic stirrer…

Examining Substitution Reactions of Several Alcohol-Containing Compounds Several Experiments were performed using substitutions reactions with hydrogen halides. These results and favor methods or pathways for the several alcohols were observed and will be discussed. Introduction for all the material Scheme 1. Substitution of 3-(m-tolyl)propan-1-ol to form 1-(3-bromopropyl )-3-methylbenzene. Aromatic materials used in this reaction has high boiling point thus the reaction was heated…

To begin the first part of the experiment, zeolite and magnetized zeolite had to be synthesized. First, it was necessary to set up a contraption to hold a thermometer in place. This was done using a split cork and a 3 prong clam on a ring stand. 50 mL of 3.0 M NaOH was then added to a 250 mL beaker with a magnetic stir bar placed inside. After placing the solution on the stir bar, 3.7560 g of (sodium aluminate) was added to the solution. The thermometer was also added to the solution, but it…

Who will use the Thermoller? People that loves playing sports in hot weathers. People from places that is hot. This device is mainly foe emergency use and can cool water in a situation where there is no ice. This can also be used to carry food around, keeping them hot or cold the way a thermos does. How does the Thermoller work? The Thermoller is activated by water. The packaging will include a funnel for using purposes (it will also include a bag that you can carry the Thermoller in). When you…

For the next two weeks, the objective of this lab is to explore EAS reactions. These reactions are possible spots on a benzene ring for substituting electrophiles due to compounds that are already on the ring. There are three types of directing substituents. The first one is a para-director which guides the second substituent on the opposite side of the benzene ring. The second director, which corresponds with para-directors, is the ortho-director. These directors place the group of atoms on the…

In experiment one, acetone evaporated the most quickly because its molecules have the lowest force of attraction. Ethanol evaporated the slowest because it has the highest force of attraction. This shows that if molecules have a strong force of attraction, it takes longer for them to separate from each other into a gaseous form. Hexane didn’t evaporate most quickly due to the long length of its carbon chains, which holds the molecules together with london dispersion bonds more strongly than for…

In our experiment, to look deeper into exothermic reactions, we first had to create our own calorimeter. We did this using 3 separate 8 ounce Styrofoam cups, one for each compound. We then used cardboard to create a lid for each cup and taped it to the sides so the seal would be as tight as we could make it. We also needed a 150mL beaker to measure out the 50 mL of distilled water that we used in each trial to dissolve each compound in. To weigh out each compound we also needed an electronic…

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By using the techniques of simple distillation and gas chromatography to purify and determine relative proportions of volatile compounds in their gas form. Distillation could be described as a process where a mixture was heated until it began to boil, and the condensed vapor was collected. After completing the distillation process, the gas chromatography method could be used to identify the relative components of a compound in a volatile mixture. According to the analysis between the…

Synthesis of 10-Camphorsulfonamide (3) A three-neck flask, with a stir bar was charged with 18.4 mL of concentrated ammonium hydroxide. While on ice and with the stir bar mixing vigorously, 1.88g of 10-(camphorsulfonyl)chloride in 18.4 mL of methylene chloride was slowly over 20 minutes. This mixture was allowed to stir and react for 1.5 hours at 0° Celsius. The phases were then separated. The aqueous phase was washed with methylene chloride twice with 15 mL of methylene chloride. The organic…