Fractional distillation

The formation of benzilic acid results from the reaction of benzil with ethanol and potassium benzilate. In order to produce benzil, benzoin was reacted with nitric acid. A crude product of benzil was produced from the reaction of benzoin and nitric acid. Through the process of multi-step synthesis, benzil was produced through the oxidation of an alpha-hydroxyketone to an alpha-diketone using nitric acid. Prior to the reaction of nitric acid and benzoin, nitric acid was protonated to form an…

Distillation is a method used to purify a liquid. Distillation is a process of heating a liquid to boiling and then collecting the condensed vapors from the boiling liquid in a different vessel. After the setting up the glassware for the simple distillation I found the boiling points for each four fractions. The boiling point range for the first fraction was 29.3°C to 29.5°C. The boiling point range for the second fraction was 31.1°C to 40.6°C. The boiling point range for the third fraction was…

Tara Ghaemi 9/16/16 Chao Li 232 Recrystallization of Acetanilide Introduction In this experiment, acetanilide will be purified to remove its two impurities by utilizing dissolution, hot vacuum filtration, and recrystallization. Hot vacuum filtration is performed to separate the crystal from the solution that it is present in. Hot vacuum filtration works best for this experiment because it prevents the premature crystallization of the solute, and thus lets the extracted crystal be extremely…

In lab, a sample of crude caffeine was purified using the technique of sublimation. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used to verify the caffeine's chemical structure and purity. Sublimation played a huge role in the purification of the crude caffeine. The process of sublimation is to take a chemical and change it from a solid phase directly into a vapor. Another reason as to why sublimation was used is because the caffeine can be separated from its contaminant due to the fact that it does…

any impurities such as water, alcohol, alkanes, etc. Methanol is transferred to storage tanks which is specially assigned for crude Methanol. The Methanol will then be feed to the next part of the operation which is purification. In two different distillation columns, Methanol is purify to achieve the product quality which is required. In the first column, low boiling impurities known as light ends are removed. Light ends are materials that have a lower boiling point than Methanol. When heated,…

Preparation of the sample The sample must be prepared for testing by: • Dissolving the solution in distilled water • Filtering the dissolved solution • Evaporating the water to increase the concentration Equipment 1 beaker 50ml of distilled water Stirrer 1 Funnel Filter paper 1 crucible 1 Bunsen burner 1 heatproof mat 1 tripod 1 teaspoon of soil sample 1 conical flask 1 Pipeclay triangle Method 1. Place the soil sample in the beaker and add 50ml of distilled water and stir until…

The objective of Experiment one (both Week one and two) was the separation and examination of Ethanol from complex mixtures using solvent-solvent extraction and chromatography. Week one involved retrieving the concentration of Ethanol and the partition coefficient from standard solutions utilizing the calibration method. Week two was centered on the use of a standard addition method to find Ethanol concentrations in beer samples. Overall, the experiment addressed the issues associated with…

4.2 Glass Blowing Glass blowing is a glass-forming process that encompasses inflating molten glass into a bubble, with the help of a blowpipe. A person who blows glass is called a glassblower or gaffer. A person who manipulates the glass with a torch or other tools is known as a lampworker. 4.2.1 Principle of Glass blowing Glassblowing utilizes a working property of glass known as inflation. This refers to the expansion of glass by passing a small amount of air into it. The property exists…

The Calorimetric Determination of Enthalpy and Entropy Changes of the Thermal Decomposition of Sodium Sulphate Decahydrate Abstract Sodium sulphate decahydrate thermally decomposes to anhydrous sodium sulphate at 50⁰ C and cools to form anhydrous sodium sulphate. Using Hess's Law the enthalpy and entropy changes of this process can be determined in order to deduce the spontaneity of the reaction. The transition temperature was determined by melting the hydrated crystals at 50⁰ C and allowing…

1.4. Trihalomethanes 2. Ezbet El Moraba and Al Manshyia well water treatment plants 2.1. Physicochemical parameters Comparison between different physico chemical parameters was illustrated in table (6) and figures (15,16,17). The mean value of residual chlorine in Ezbet El Moraba well water treatment plant was 0.03 mg/L, while that of Al Manshyia well water treatment plant was 0.14 mg/L. The mean values of turbidity of Ezbet El Moraba and Al Manshyia well water treatment plants were 1.4 NTU and…