Fractional distillation

CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Preparation of Bis-Thiourea Derivatives The mixture of heptanoyl chloride and ammonium thiocynate with 1,4-phenylene diamine appeared as homogeneous solution. White precipitate was formed immediately when the solution was filtered into the beaker containing ice cubes. Then, the precipitate was filtered again and rinsed by ethanol before being dried in the desiccator. The physical data of the synthesized bis-thiourea derivatives are shown in Table 4.1.…

According to Ahmad S.A. and Lone S.R. “Hybrid Process (Pervaporation-Distillation)”, Distillation is a separation technique, in which a feed mixture of different components is separated into two or more reaction products by collecting the overhead distillate, formed as vapor or a mix of vapor and liquid, and keeping the remaining liquid solution in the reaction container. To achieve this: firstly, the feed has to contain a liquid or a mix of vapor-liquid mixture at the start of the reaction.…

This experiment examined the boiling process and the effect of added ingredients. Purpose of this experiment is to understand boiling process as well as the factors that affect this property. The objective of this experiment is to investigate the appearance and temperature of range of water that is lukewarm, scalding, simmering and boiling point. On top of that, we also need to determine the factors that boiling temperature of water alone and with various ingredients added. In this experiment,…

TiV photocatalyst was prepared by sol–gel method using tetra-n-butyl titanate as the precursor. Solution A was prepared by dissolving 17 mL TBT in 30 mL anhydrous ethanol with stirring (300 rpm) for 30 min. The other solution that contained 28.35 mL anhydrous ethanol, 7.25 mL deionized water and 20 mL 3 M acetic acid was slowly added into the above solution with magnetic stirring at room temperature. The prepared mixture was further hydrolyzed for 60 min with stirring until the transparent sol…

Caffeine is found in many products such as in pharmaceutical supplements, and beverages. Caffeine is mainly obtained from plant seeds or tea leaves. Extraction of caffeine is done to make decaffeinated coffee. There are three methods used to extract caffeine such as water extraction, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and extraction by organic solvents. For this lab, the method used to extract caffeine will be by organic solvents. The purpose of the procedure is see how caffeine is isolated…

4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Introduction In this chapter, all the results and analysis in this experiment that have been performed are discussed in detailed. The analysis included characterization and optimization. In addition, the graph and table were prepared to better present the results. 4.2 Extraction Of Jatropha Curcas By Using Soxhlet Extraction Method And Microwave Extraction Method The extraction of Jatropha curcas can be done through many methods such as mechanical extraction,…

Experimental Section - Chemicals Pyrrole, substituted benzaldehydes (p-anisaldehyde, p-nitrobenzaldehyde, 2,6-dichlorobenzaldehyde and benzaldehyde), triethylamine (TEA), p-terphenyl (TP) and ferrocene (Fc) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) was purchased from Frontier Scientific. Acetonitrile (MeCN), dichloromethane (DCM), 1,4-dioxane, and other organic solvents used were spectroscopic grade. These solvents were distilled from appropriate drying agents under argon…

This particular lab will focus on separating the components of a ternary mixture, which is a mixture that contains three substances. Both physical and chemical methods are available for separating the components of a mixture. Physical methods use differences in the physical properties of components of a mixture, while chemical methods involve the selective reaction of one of the components of a mixture to form a new substance. In this experiment, five methods of separation will be used:…

Moldovan et al. propounded a different method of extraction from pharmaceutical tablets by extraction of with 0.5 M NaOH. Samples were then filtered and transferred to calibrated flasks with double quantity of distilled water [25]. Author selected five Daflon tablets (a mixture of micronized flavonoid glycosides consisting of 450 mg of diosmin and flavonoid extract equivalent to 50 mg of hesperidin) were powdered, and sonicated at 30°C with 90 mL of methanol/DMSO (1:1) for 30 min. A…

The purpose of this lab was to prepare tetraphenylcyclopentadienone most commonly known as tetracyclone. This involved a 3-step synthesis over the course of 3 weeks. The first step was the preparation of benzoin, which was completed through self-condensation of benzaldehyde with thiamine used as the base catalyst of the reaction. The next step was the preparation of benzil from the oxidation reaction of benzoin with nitric acid. In the oxidation reaction, the alcohol functional group of benzoin…