Fractional distillation

2.1 Test materials: The essential oils of Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae) rhizomes, Pogostemon heyneanus (Lamiaceae) leaves and Zanthoxylum limonella (Rutaceae) fruits were obtained from a commercial oil extraction plant in Assam, India. DMP was supplied by High Purity chemicals, New Delhi, India while DEPA was obtained from Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India. Four concentrations (5, 10, 20 and 30%) of the essential oils, their mixtures, DEPA and DMP were prepared in…

Microwave (MW) assisted Esterification of Benzoic Acid (BA) offers the advantage of transformation of energy and heating throughout the volume efficiently in a shorter period and eliminates the use of excess solvent, during the course of reaction. The present study aims to assess the conversion and selectivity for the production of methyl benzoate compounds by esterification of benzoic acid using microwave irradiation. Effects of operating parameters such as reaction time, feed composition,…

The definition of an accelerant is a substance that accelerates the speed of fire or makes a fire more intense (Accelerant | Define Accelerant at Dictionary.com, n.d.). When forensic laboratories have debris that was collected from a crime scene they can use either the Headspace or the Vapor Concentration techniques to determine if there was an accelerant used. Both techniques use Gas Chromatography, which is separating mixtures based on their distribution between a stationary liquid phase and…

The purpose of this lab is to observe the different colors produced by different compounds. My hypothesis is that each compound will produce a different color. For the procedure, we first took a wooden splint and placed it in distilled water. Then, we lit matches we received from Mr. Maloney, and turned on the gas which turned on the bunsen burner. We then took one compound from the front table. We took the wooden splint in the water, and scooped up a tiny bit of the substance and placed the…

Do you ever wonder how glass art is made? It is called glassblowing where artists known as glassblower/gaffers basically blowing air into a 6 ft long pipe that has heated molten glass at the end of it which causes the glass to become larger and shapeable. During this process they will continue to heat the glass in a furnace while in between applying steady rotation by rolling it on a table to to form a shape. Sometimes they may even add some color by rolling the hot glass different colorful…

1. Why was a steam distillation performed rather than a simple distillation performed in the isolation of citral from lemon grass oil? Simple distillation is used to isolate a pure non-volatile liquid from another non-volatile substance. Steam distillation is used to separate liquid and solid that are somewhat volatile and immiscible in water. Since citral is moderately volatile, it was best to use steam distillation. 7. Both geranial (1) and vitamin A (2) are members of the class of natural…

Exp D. Post Lab Questions 1. What is the purpose of the concentrated sulfuric acid in the first step? The purpose of using concentrated sulfuric acid is to activate the reaction of salicylic acid and acetic anhydride and produce the acetylsalicylic acid, which is aspirin. The sulfuric acid is used to protonate oxygen atom of a carbonyl group of salicylic acid. 2. What would happen if the sulfuric acid were left out? Removal of catalytic acid from the reaction would slow down or not proceed…

In older times, wooden casks were used primarily as a way to transport and store the liquor before relatively quick consumption. Indeed, there wasn't really an aim at first to try and manipulate the flavors through aging in wooden barrels after distillation in superior quality moonshine stills. In fact, most of the liquor was usually consumed before the aging process was able to work its magic upon the drink. However, as time went on, there would be some barrels of whiskey that wouldn't be…

In this lab, a hexane and octane mixture was purified, through distillation, to pure octane. The distillation could be completed because part of the solution, hexane, had a lower boiling point than the other, octane, allowing it to evaporate out. Throughout the experiment, four samples were taken and tested by gas chromatography. Gas Chromatography, or GC, was used to analysis the components of each fraction taken during the experiment. Upon looking at the data, the presence of hexane in the…

dry the crystals and determine the melting point. The unknown that we were assigned was 501 G. A series of tests were performed on this unknown compound in order to figure out the identity. A summary of the results of the tests is shown below. Distillation: Boiling Point: 179.0°C-194.0°C Qualitative Tests: 1. 2,4-DNP Test • Melting point: 240.0°C-245.0°C 2. The Tollen’s Test • Unknown: Negative, compound remained clear and did not form silver mirror • Standard (isobutyl r-aldehyde):…