Fractional distillation

How does table sugar react with potassium nitrate? Will the ratio between table sugar and potassium nitrate affect the product produced? According to “Smoke Bomb” (2017), smoke bomb is a firework designed to produce smoke when ignited. Smoke bombs are used in various ways such as signalling aircrafts, paintball guns, airsoft guns, military units, self-defence, entertainment and pranks. Smoke bombs was first invented by a British inventor, Robert Yale in 1848. He started by developing…

Introduction Essential oils (EOs) are aromatic volatile liquids obtained from plant materials whether they are vascular plant or nonvascular plants including; buds, flowers, fruits, seeds, leaves, twigs, bark, wood ,roots and herbs. Citrus plants constitute one of the main essential oils sources (Burt, 2004; Hammer, 1999). They belong to Rutaceae family, which originated from tropical and subtropical south-eastern parts of the world (Sawamura, 2010). Citrus species were cultivated in China long…

The experiment began by weighing 2.0g of acetanilide into a round bottom flask and adding a stir bar. 20ml of glacial acetic acid was added to the flask and was covered with a watch glass. The solution was stirred until the acetanilide was dissolved. The flask was brought to the hood and 7.0g of pyridinium tribromide was added and then stirred for about 30 minutes with a watch glass as a cover. While stirring, 10% sodium bisulfite was added in 1ml increments until the orange/red color…

point of 100˚C, while the sand’s melting point is at 1650˚C. 2. Sugar and water: Sugar is similar to salt as both are soluble crystals and would easily be separated by distillation because the evaporating point of water is 100˚C and the melting point of sugar is 180˚C. 3. Oil and water: Oil and water can be separated by distillation because the boiling point of water is 100˚C and oil has boiling point of 300˚C. 4. Sand and gravel: To separate sand gravel is. to use a sifter and have a mesh with…

Gas chromatography (like any other chromatography) is a separation technique in which the mobile phase is a gas. This technique is applied for the separation of volatile substances. This method separates a mixture into its components and is used to measure the concentration as well as it identifies the components. GC creates a time separation rather than physical separation which means that the components are separated in time. After they are detected, a chromatogram is generated. Each peak in…

Name Institution Course: Instructor Date of Submission Separation (Liquid-Liquid Extraction) Lab Summary The aim of this lab was to separate a mixture of aniline, benzoic acid, and 1,4-dimethoxybenzene by the method of extraction. In this experiment, 7 ml of the mixture was used instead of 10 ml. A portion of this mixture was transferred to another flask to facilitate cooling. Afterwards, 3.5 ml of 12 M hydrochloric acid was added gradually to the mixture. A sample was obtained at a melting…

The first portion of this experiment required the synthesis of salicylic acid from wintergreen oil. To begin, a heating block was set on a hotplate and set to 250℃. A reflux apparatus was set up and securely clamped to a support stand, to be used later in order to conduct the heated reflux for reaction. A boiling flask was obtained and into it went 0.01mol (1.521 g) of methyl salicylate and 15 mL of 6M sodium hydroxide including 3 or 4 boiling chips. The reaction was refluxed and heated from 30…

miscible liquids was simple distillation and therefore a simple distillation apparatus was set up. The apparatus included 250mL distillation flask, a 100ml receiving flask, a condenser for water to run through, and a thermometer to monitor the temperature. The measurements of the empty flasks were 37.5120g for the distillation flask and 31.1978g for the receiving flask. The mass of the unknown liquid mixture was determined by transferring the mixture into the distillation flask and subtracting…

The procedure for Lab 5 contained four parts. For Part A, a clean, dry 100 mL beaker was obtained and filled with 60 mL of distilled water. Next, the beaker was placed on a ring stand with a thermometer attached to the ring stand to record the temperature of the water. After the thermometer had been in the water for two minutes, the temperature was recorded. Following the recording of the temperature, a 10 mL pipet and a bulb was used to pipet 10.00 mL of distilled water into a clean, dry,…

The solvent systems separated fluorene and 9-fluorenone based on their difference in structure and polarity. The petroleum ether solvent system was helpful in washing away anything that was hydrophobic since it’s nonpolar, and it essentially washed off most of the fluorene since fluorene is not as polar as 9-fluorenone. The solvent system with a mixture between Dichloromethane and petroleum ether allowed the yellow band to be eluted off the column because polar solvents such as Dichloromethane…