Fortification

19-kilometre-long (12 mi) Lines of Weissenburg during the War of the Spanish Succession under the orders of the Duke of Villars in 1706. These were to remain in existence for just over 100 years and were last manned during Napoleon's Hundred Days (1815). By 1870 the Lines no longer existed, but the two central forts in the towns of Wissembourg and Altenstadt still possessed fortifications that proved useful defensive positions during the Battle of Wissembourg.[6] The French built the Lines of Ne Plus Ultra (Latin for "no further") during the winter of 1710–1711, which have been compared to the trenches of World War I.[4] They ran from Arras to Cambrai and Valenciennes where they linked up with existing defensive lines fronted by the river Sambre. They were breached in the 1711 campaign season by the Duke of Marlborough through "a magnificent piece of manoeuvring".[7] During the Peninsular War, the British and Portuguese constructed the Lines of Torres Vedras in 1809 and 1810; these proved effective in stopping the French advance on Lisbon in 1810.[3] Trenches at the Siege of Vicksburg 1863 Nor were fortifications restricted to European powers. Elaborate trench and bunker systems were independently developed by the Maori, who successfully employed them as early as the 1840s to withstand British cannon, muskets, and an experimental poison-gas mortar,[8] in the New Zealand Wars.[9] British casualty rates of up to 45 percent, such as at the Battle of Ohaeawai in 1845, proved…

It is debatable whether siege warfare became as important as it was due to the presence of the defensive monstrosities that were castles or if it was siege warfare that led to the advancement of castles, but siege warfare is a key focus regardless. When analyzing medieval warfare, some historians make the mistake of ignoring siege engines or warfare and instead choose to focus their inquiry on knights or horses . Knights on horseback had a minor impact on siege warfare, which was the leading…

Perhaps one of the driving factors in the rise of arquebuses was that the previous siege revolution made commanders feel that they had to innately aggressive in their battle tactics. It also made commanders see guns as the future of warfare, even if firearms at the moment still had some drawbacks. This mentality resulted in that the defensive tactics of the fifteen century saw a huge decrease in their effectiveness when artillery emerged on the battlefield at the battle of Crécy in 1346. Siege…

HISTORY Assignment In Europe, the castle was a common type of stronghold that provided both protection and living quarters for the king or lord of the land in which it stood. Castles were most common in Europe during the Middle Ages, but similar strongholds have been built in Japan, India, and other countries throughout the world. The castle remained the dominant fortification in Western Europe until the 15th century, when the introduction of the cannon and gunpowder required the development…

Actually, it is unclear if these fortifications were built in Crusader period or Islamic period, but the features belong to the construction style of both of them can be seen in the tower and the citadel, the cross vault construction and the crusader inscription of Lusignan Family in the medieval period are on the right and left of the main gate of the tower and the citadel, as well the vaults and domes of the Ayyubid and Mamluk architecture style Fig.5. The investigation was carried out in…

fact that they were generally cold, damp, and unpleasant to live in. In Mid-Medieval times, an architectural revolution began in Europe. This was the new, gothic style. The characteristics of gothic architecture emphasized larger and lighter windows, higher rooms, and more decorative castle designs. These new Gothic Castles were far grander, a and much more pleasant environment to live in. However, much later (in the 1700s), a trend for gothic fiction transformed people's ideas of these castles.…

Europe’s amazing castle hotels provide guests with a glimpse back into the days when royalty ruled. Five of Europe’s best castle hotels for the holidays There is certainly something special about visiting a castle. It inspires us to dream of knighthood or perhaps someone like King Arthur during a period when kings and queens ruled over their kingdoms. Dreams can still come true the instant you visit or stay in some of Europe's greatest castles. The following are five castles in Europe that…

The trebuchet is a marvel of medieval engineering, it works by using the energy of a falling (and sometimes hinged) counterweight to launch a projectile (such as a rock or a pot of flaming oil), using mechanical advantage to achieve a high launch speed. For maximum launch speed the counterweight must be much heavier than the payload, since this means that it will "fall" faster. the word 'Trebuchet' derived from the Old French word 'Trebucher' meaning to throw over and was also known (along with…

Doraville, GA was incorporated by an act of the Georgia General Assembly on December 15, 1871. From its development until the 1940s, Doraville was a small agricultural community that served the interests of a larger surrounding farming area. By the end of World War II, Doraville was on a main railroad line, and had a new water system available. This caused the growth of Doraville to explode in to the late 1940s and the 1950s. In 1947, General Motors selected Doraville as the site for its new…

weapon that would play a great role In the centuries to come, allowing the creation of other similar weapons, and still being an effective tool on its own up until the days of modern warfare. For as crude as this time was, this would make way for many more weapons and strategies to come, such as the Greek phalanx(ancientMillitary 4). This would be a piece of technology that would cause big changes to the ways wars would be fought. The next major age would be known as the middle or…