Formulations

4.3. Niosomes: Niosomes were developed and patented by L'Oréal in the 1970s and 80s. The first niosomal formulation was introduced by Lancome in 1987 and have been widely applied in pharmaceutics as a demanding tool to improve the delivery of many drugs34. Niosomes are vesicles formed by self-assembly of hydrated and synthetic non-ionic surfactants e.g sorbitans (Spans) or polysorbates (Tweens). Non-ionic surfactants are inexpensive, non-toxic, and can be found in wide variety. Types of…

The optimized PF0 encapsulated hybrid NCs formulation was achieved by a two-step process (Fig 1) using nanoprecipitation and subsequently coating with chitosan. In Step-I, the nanoprecipitation technique was used to prepare PF0 loaded BSA NCs (PF0-ANC). In this nanoprecipitation technique, acetone was used as a desolvent [40]. Varying concentrations of PF0 solutions (125µM - 375µM) and BSA solution (156.25µM – 468.75µM) (Table 1) were mixed in a glass vial. The PF0 BSA solution was then added…

For some time, ethics have always been a concern in the world. The notions of right and wrong, good and evil, have always been contemplated; with every person individually devising their own unique idea of what they believe is moral. Morality in the world generally gravitates towards virtue, while hatred and evil are looked down upon. However, there are those that believe that goodness is not simply acts of kindness, nor is it innately there in humans to begin with. Eighteenth century…

inconvenient to administer regularly therefore only transdermal, sublingual and buccal formulations are suitable dosage forms for treatment of opioid dependence. Transdermal administration of buprenorphine has an absolute bioavailability of approximately…

between different institutions. Therefore, understanding American government is not easy without understanding these stages and interaction of institutions. Usually, policymaking involves four basic and integral stages which are agenda setting, formulation, implementation, and evaluation. If the institutions involved in policymaking are considered, then it is an interaction of in which Congress makes the laws, the President along with bureaucracy implement them, and the courts apply those laws…

(2010) performed a study comparing SpayVac (a PZP formulation) to GonaCon-B a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) formulation. Both formulations were created as single dose, multi-year antifertility drugs. “SpayVac has been successfully used as a single-dose, multi-year contraceptive in fallow deer, white-tailed deer, grey seals, and captive feral…

Nanomedicine can be accumulated at tumor site by enhanced permeability and retention time (EPR) effect, and thus is used in various clinical trials in the form of nano-formulation even in cancer immunotherapy.[7] Among various materials, hyaluronic acid (HA) has drawn tremendous attention owing to its superior biocompatibility and bio-degradability.[8] Furthermore, it can actively target tumor because of CD 44 receptor, as…

correct problem, and not merely a symptom and the problem. Discerning symptoms from the problems can be difficult, and that is where the critical thinking framework I2 Plus IF is useful. The I2 Plus IF process, or individual inquiry plus informal formulation process, provides a framework for thinking about problems. This process employs divergent thinking to identify a problem and formulating solutions. It process encourages expanding the possibilities to consider alternative perspectives.…

The trolley problem is a very important concept that philosophers explore. The trolley problem describes a situation that involves a trolley approaching five people that have been tied down to a track by some villain. As it happens you are standing right next to the switch that can divert the trolley onto another track. Sadly you do not have enough time to free them and save them. Unfortunately, the second track has one person tied down to it. What should you do? Save the five people and let the…

Kant would resolve the conflict seen in Law and Order by adhering to the duty principle by testing a maxim of the conflict against his three formulations. These formulations are used to see if a rule is a categorical imperative – that is, a rule that is in tune with the moral law and is acted out of a pure will. Basically, these categorical imperatives are rules that are absolutely universal and unconditional. On the other hand, the impure will comes out of a hypothetical imperative. This is a…