Floating charge

Imagine a world without electricity, a period of prolonged darkness, not just a brief power outage. Attempt to envision a world where time does not exist. Sounds abnormal, yet for the greater part of human presence, this is the means by which we lived. The sun was the nearest instrument we had to a clock, and it contained all the information we desired. Endeavor to picture a world where there is no such thing as a stove to cook an evening feast for your growing family; no television to watch…

(6) The remaining contribution to the net Coulomb energy comes from the self-interaction of each charge with its own image, which is the so-called “dielectric solvation energy” ()()aaaaHRaaarVrrdrVˆ02ρ∫+=. (7) In above expressions, ()()2rraaℜ=ρ is the electron or hole density, and a = e, h; ()herrW,ˆ is a spherically symmetric component of the point charges direct Coulomb interaction operator, is a spherically symmetric component of the polarization energy operator, and ( herrU…

Many people may ask the question: why study such an exotic sensory system such as the electrosensation in electric fish? Could it be because of the natural curiosity that we as human’s exhibit, or maybe because we are intrigued by the various morphological and physiological adaptations that are seen across a plethora of environments? Well, more evolved organisms have achieved their higher traits not from new mechanisms that spontaneously appeared, but from old mechanisms that they share with…

positive charge. Hence his model was known as plum pudding model. It was also known as watermelon model where the positive charge was the flesh of the watermelon and the electrons were the sects. a) J.J. Thomson who discovered the electron in 1897, proposed the plum pudding model of the atom in 1904 before the discovery of the atomic nucleus in order to include the electron in the atomic model. b) In Thomson’s model, the atom is composed of electron surrounded by a soup of positive charge to…

Intermolecular Forces Intermolecular forces are the result of attractive or repulsive forces between atoms, molecules or ions, primarily as a result of electrostatic attractions; these forces act between discrete molecules. Intermolecular forces are weak forces but without them life as we know it would not be possible: water vapor would not condense into its liquid (or solid forms) if its molecules did not attract each other, and all matter, in fact, would exist as gases. The physical states…

Introduction: In the following experiment, I am going to test whether the copper wire will have less Resistivity (ρ) than the iron wire, and/or the two copper wires connected together. Resistivity is defined as how strongly a particular material resists current, and is measured in Ohm-meters (Ω-m). Electrical resistance (R) is the opposite of the flow of electrons, or the passage of an electrical current. Electrical conductivity (σ) is the opposite of resistivity and is measured in Siemens…

1.1 Dielectric Materials Dielectric materials are insulating materials that exhibit the property of electrical polarization. Dielectric materials support charge by acquiring a polarisation in an electric field. 1.1.1 Electric susceptibility and permittivity When a capacitor with capacitance C0 is filled with a dielectric material, its charge storage capacity (capacitance) increases to a value of C. Than susceptibility (χ^') of the dielectric materials is given by χ^'= (C-C_0)/C Dielectric…

Summary background conclusions Summary Of “How Do Photovoltaics Work” Photovoltaics is a term referring to the direct conversion of light into electricity at the atomic level as explained in How do Photovoltaics Work. The way that photovoltaics work is through the property known as the ‘photoelectric effect’ that causes some materials to absorb photons of light and release electrons that are captured, forming an electric current. “The photoelectric effect was first noted by a French physicist,…

Dipole-dipole array has wide using in resistivity/I.P. surveys because of the low E.M. coupling between the current and potential circuits. The arrangement of the electrodes is shown in Figure( )., Electrodes c1 and c2 are separated by a distance (a), and electrodes p1 and p2 are separated by a distance (b). the distance between the potential electrodes pair c1-c2 is the same as the distance between the potential electrodes pair P1-P2 and the distance between the centers of the respective…

Electrochromism is the reversible change in optical properties when a material is electrochemically oxidized or reduced[6] and can be simply represented by Equation (1), where M+ can be H+, Li+, Na+ or K+ , 0 < x < 1, and e- are denoting electrons.[2] (transparent) WO3 + xM+ + xe- ↔ 2 MxWO3 (deep blue) ------------- Equation (1) An electrochromic system consists of an ion-containing material (electrolyte) that is of close proximity to the electrochromic layer and the transparent layers…