Fief

People have been persecuted for their religious beliefs as far back as the Classical period in ancient Greek and Roman civilizations.1 As the number of popular religions multiplied globally and the amount of international travelers to Asian countries increased due to growing trade relationships, disagreements and arguments ensued between opposing cultures. In the 1500s, the Japanese culture was introduced to the Christian religion, which led to political and social unrest in the Asian nation.…

Essays for Final Exam Part A. II. The decline of the Ghaznavids and the rise of the Seljuk empire, 1040-1200 The sultan-caliph relationship was established when the Turks entered Islam. They did not abolish the Caliphate, by replaced it with a new institution, the Sultanate. It was in the second half of the eleventh century that a third nation was added to the Islam empire. The Turks first entered the Caliphate four hundred years earlier when they were brought in as slaves or adventurers…

(MIP-1) Knights in the middle ages (SIP-A) (STEWE-1) Knights were the very definition of power. They had to fight in in the most gruesome battle in history, it’s no wonder that most common people were afraid of them. Most of the knights were spent their free time training, polishing their weapons and armor. Knights were usually wealthy but the wealthiest knights had three horses a tournament horse, a baggage horse, and a war horse (Walker 17). Knights live either on a manor or in a town.…

estates, dispensed their own justice, minted their own money, levied taxes and tolls, and demanded military service from vassals. Feudalism in short was a relationship of obligation and mutual service between vassals and lords. A vassal held his land, or fief, as a grant from the lord. So in return for the land a vassal was required to attend to the lord, help administer justice, and contribute money if needed. The vassal must answer to summons to battle…

The Jesuits in Japan: An Attempt at Christian Conversion During the sixteenth century, an order of Roman Catholic religious men called the Jesuits attempted to convert the country of Japan to Christianity. Their efforts to accomplish this goal were first sparked by the Age of Discovery, followed by the Counter-Reformation of 1545, and then by Francis Xavier’s meeting with an exiled samurai from Japan. The Jesuit mission began with Francis Xavier’s entrance to Japan in 1549 and saw two more…

endeavour that kept noble landowners away from their castles for years at a time. Unoccupied and unclaimed land invited squatters; since there was no central recording office for real property in England at the time, and sorting out who owned what fief was entrusted to human memory, disputes arose when aristocrats returned, or died thousands of miles from home. Another, even more serious problem requiring royal action was the aftermath of the disastrous civil war between King Stephen and the…

Writing for The Atlantic, Jonathan Rauch defined chaos syndrome as "a chronic decline in a political system 's capacity for self-organization". Rauch writes that chaos syndrome starts with the weakening of the institutions and brokers (parties, career politicians, congressional leaders and committees) that have traditionally held politicians accountable to one another and stopped everyone in the system from using it for naked self-interest all the time. As these intermediaries ' (we 'll call…

During the middle of the twelfth century, the medieval poet Turold wrote an epic poem that became known as a chanson de geste, or a song of deeds. In which, the ruler Charlemagne is manifested as a fictional character, Charles, along with many others. Like in every great tale, a villain is born. The plot of the Song of Roland unravels essentially because of a declaration of vengeance and actions taken by one character: Ganelon declares, “… I’ll start a feud with you.” (Halverson 661 and Turold…

From a small city-state to a far-reaching civilization that dominated the vast region of the Mediterranean, Rome’s history includes many endeavors and triumphs in its rise, thrive, and fall throughout its two and a half millennia (2500 years). Rome’s history dawns in the 8th century BC, where the future empire begins as a small Latin village founded by Italic tribes. Those Italic tribes also held other nearby city-states in Central Italy. Rome was a state in which the people held its supreme…

and grape products for grain. Since they were located on the coast, Greece had a strategic point for trade and cultural diffusion. Athens became a rich commercial center and Greeks had a money system. They had city-states with identities and cultures. They were considerably independent and were always competing with each other. Sparta was militaristic and agricultural while Athens was cultural, political, and commercial. In Sparta, women had more rights than in other areas. They had adult male…