Fertilisation

Calcium is the richest mineral in our body holding many functions during the human development. Ca2+ controls many cellular processes such as: metabolism, gene transcription, fertilisation, proliferation, hypertrophy, secretion, exocytosis, cardiac ventricular mechanisms, neuronal dopaminergic pacemaker mechanisms, contraction, coordination and thinking, (Rubin, 2016). These processes can occur anywhere between a few microseconds to hours to complete. The basal Ca2+ concentration of…

Calcium ions are vital for cellular signalling, as once they enter the cytoplasm they use allosteric effects caused by indirect transduction pathways such as G protein-coupled receptors. Calcium signalling is cause by gradients across the plasma membrane, as the resting concentration of Ca2+ in the cytoplasm is normally kept ˷100 nM, compared to the extracellular concentration which is ˷1.5mM. To continue low concentration within the cell, Ca2+ signals can be generated either from extracellular…

Advocate of human cloning, Amanda Tattum claims that “There is no morally significant difference between a fertilised egg in a petri dish in an IVF [in-vitro fertilisation] clinic, a cloned cell, and a skin cell: they could all be persons, with the application of modern technology". This statement could easily be manipulated to make the view-point that they are all pointless. The cloning process could help infertile…

1. Introduction The most recent research lines are based on understanding wild paralarvae behaviour and prey preferences, refining paralarval nutrition and rearing conditions for O. vulgaris welfare (Iglesias and Fuentes et al., 2014). In the culture of cephalopods, the paralarval life stage is a critical period, especially for octopuses. During this period, the paralarvae must initiate the consumption of a suitable diet to grow, requiring stable conditions for proper development (Iglesias &…

How Chlamydia Affects Young Australians Chlamydia is known to be the most common sexually transmissible disease (STI) among Australians, particularly young Australians.(1) Whilst curing the infection is often as simple as a single dose of antibiotics, notifications of chlamydia in young Australians continue to increase in number each year, flagging chlamydia as a public health concern. (1) 
This essay will focus on the determinants of health relating to the prevalence of chlamydia among young…

A LIVING HAZARD: BRACKEN FERN [Pteridium aquilinum (L.)Kuhn] INTRODUCTION With their large, shiny green and highly dissected leaves, ferns are so visually appealing and many of them are sold as ornamentals. But certain fern species can create substantial problems and they are herein called “problem ferns”. Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern) is one of the problem ferns which cause the greatest range of problems on ecology and human welfare. Bracken fern has been described as one of the five…

OESTRUS SYNCHRONISATION IN CATTLE SHELEMBE KHOLEKA INTRODUCTION Most beef and dairy farms in Africa use a pasture based breeding and calf rearing system which requires them to manage their herds such that calving and maximum milk production coincides with the period when the grass and pasture is good and nutritious which mainly occurs during spring and early summer (Xu et al., 1997; Lane et al., 2008). In order to maintain short breeding and calving seasons that would result in calving and peak…

Prenatal (Conception to birth): Conception is the process of fertilisation, in which the male sperm cell combines with female egg to produce a viable embryo. The single celled embryo then replicates, via mitosis, to begin the formation of a multi-celled organism. The cells then undergoes cellular differentiation, through switching different genes on and off, to specialise in a specific function. The average duration of a pregnancy is 37 to 42 weeks, which is split into three distinct…

There was a scientific breakthrough in 2006 where scientists had discovered a way to genetically reprogram mouse mature cells to convert them into a cell that has embryonic stem cell properties and these cells were named ‘induced pluripotent stem cells’ although it is still undetermined whether this new stem cell and embryonic stem cells are critically different. Human induced pluripotent stem cells were developed a year later in 2007. Scientists are optimistic about these stem cells and they…

Introduction Articulated in four parts, the following case study firstly identifies the sources of economic value for Medi-Cult (now branded Origio) which effect pricing strategy and connects them to accepted best practise principles. Economic value in marketing encompasses the rational, emotional and relationship benefits of a product as seen by stakeholders. Secondly, the study examines different methods of measuring customers’ perceptions of value. Thirdly, armed with the relevant…