False consciousness

Equilibrioception is the sense of balance and a process that takes place within the body. Balance is maintained by the human body during both normal posture and movements. Thus, equilibrioception is a continuous process that takes place unconsciously in the body for the most part. This procedure requires the input of information from the vestibular, visual and proprioceptive systems. Motor output is relayed through two separate pathways in response to the integration of the information. Thus,…

One of the most important physical properties of molecules is their chirality, or lack thereof which is known as achirality. Chirality is defined as the ability of a molecule to exist in two no superimposable images called enantiomers. This means that achirality is the opposite, in which molecule is superimposable on its mirror image. When two molecules are related in the fact that they are stereoisomers of each other, but are not mirror images. In nature chiral molecules do not exist in their…

focused on memory, whereas Descartes is focused on the “thinking mind.” The thinking mind is our way of alerting the body, confirming that we are aware of our senses and selfhood. This interaction between the mind and body is commonly known as our consciousness, which has primary control over our mind and body. I unfortunately disagree with Locke and believe…

Rene Descartes proposes a variant of substance dualism that maintains the equal and distinct existence of physical and mental substances. Descartes (1641) discusses that bodies are physical substances because they extend outward and occupy spatial regions while the human mind is a mental substance because it cannot extend through space (P.165). Descartes also notes fundamental differences on their activities; the human body is passive because it cannot think while the mind can handle complex…

Freudianism Theory in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Sigmund Freud created the idea of the ‘psychologically divided self’, describing how there were three parts to the mind: the id, the ego, and the super-ego. Freud states how humans have the “The tendency to aggression is an innate, independent, instinctual disposition in a man… it constitutes the powerful obstacle to culture”(Freud 49). The ‘id’ represents a human’s primitive component of their mind, the ‘ego’ is where human’s mind make the…

In The Personal and the Collective Unconscious, Carl Jung details a variety of encounters with his patients in order to forward his psychoanalytic theory of the unconscious. Jung argues that the unconscious exists as a space of ongoing psychic activity outside of rational will and human agency; the unconscious will inevitably produce symbolic images separate from contingently formulated thoughts and feelings. In synthesizing the messy overlap of polarized symbols present in the personal…

The theory of speech act was originally proposed by British philosopher J.L. Austin, and later American philosopher Searle made further improvements to this theory. The theory of speech act begins by studying the functions of everyday language. Austin believes that the unit of verbal communication is not a sentence, but a verbal behavior through sentences, such as thanks, warnings, promises, and so on. Austin divides speech acts into three categories: intra-behavioral behavior, illocutionary…

Fate: Discussing the Extent and Purpose of Free Will in Oedipus One of the most multisided philosophical debates can be sparked simply by asking "Are we free?" It's a question that we've been grappling for thousands of years. Sophocles uses Oedipus to ask questions about fate, free will, and how they can possibly exist together. In ancient Greek, the word for fate was Moira, defined by Homer as an impersonal power and sometimes makes its functions interchangeable with those of the Olympian gods.…

Dualism, which is described on page 94, “holds that what exists is either physical or mental (“spiritual”); some things, such as a human person, have both a physical component (a physical body) and a mental component (a mind).” Descartes was an incredibly important figure in history and is said to have begun the age of modern philosophy (page 96). He created the famous phrase of “I think, therefore I am” when he was looking for “a measure of certainty that escapes even the most incredible and…

INTRODUCTION: Artificial intelligence (AI, also machine intelligence, MI) is intelligence exhibited by machines, rather than humans or other animals (natural intelligence, NI). In computer science, the field of AI research defines itself as the study of "intelligent agents": any device that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of success at some goal. Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is applied when a machine mimics "cognitive" functions that…