Extracellular

Microbes of the infected root canal system Historically, the most wide-spread method for detecting and characterizing bacteria has been by culturing. Culturing bacteria allows the analysis of their morphology, virulence, gram-staining pattern, the quantization of viable microorganisms, as well as the testing of their susceptibility to antibiotics. Consequently, this method may not allow normally viable bacteria to cultivate as the selected culturing media may not have the nutritional and…

A-beta (Aβ) peptide is derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP) which is a transmembrane protein with a 590-680 amino acid long extracellular amino terminal domain and an approximately 55 amino acid long cytoplasmic tail which contains intracellular trafficking signals. mRNA from the APP gene on chromosome 21 undergoes alternative splicing to yield eight possible isoforms, three of which…

The immune system is made up of different parts that are constantly protecting the body from disease-causing microorganisms known as pathogens. By keeping out these infectious pathogens out of the body or destroying the pathogens that do enter the body, the immune system is a complex network of cells and organs that protect the body from infection. The primary immune response is the response that is activated when the body is first exposed to an antigen, resulting in the activation of…

initial treatment. Blood glucose will rise as there is no insulin secreted to allow it into the cells. The blood becomes more acidic due to increased serum glucose concentration, shifting sodium and water out of the intracellular space to the extracellular space in efforts to lessen hyperosmolality. Experiencing polydipsia and polyuria returns with DKA (Sherry & Levitsky, 2008). Large amounts of water loss will result in dehydration leading to decreased blood volume, lowered blood pressure…

Increased extracellular fluid losses: hemorrhage B. Gastrointestinal fluid loss: vomiting, diarrhea, enterocutaneous fistula C. Renal fluid loss: diuretics, osmotic diuresis, hypoadrenalism, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus D. Extravascular sequestration: burns,…

BACE1 inhibitors as an anti-alzheimer drugs Introduction- β –secretase (BACE1) is a transmembrane protein with its active site existing in the extracellular domain of the protein. It is made up of 2 aspartate residue Asp32 & Asp228. BACE-1 is a challenging target because it is an aspartyl protease with a site of action inside the central nervous system.. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in elderly people, and the fourth most common cause of death in developed…

receptors. Calcium signalling is cause by gradients across the plasma membrane, as the resting concentration of Ca2+ in the cytoplasm is normally kept ˷100 nM, compared to the extracellular concentration which is ˷1.5mM. To continue low concentration within the cell, Ca2+ signals can be generated either from extracellular calcium or from within the intracellular stores. Some proteins within the cell act as sensors and buffers to ensure that the concentration remains within its range and does not…

but a mixture of different elements such as an individual’s genetic profile, lifestyle and environmental determinants. In the year 1906 Alois Alzheimer preformed his first autopsy of a patient that we now know suffered Alzheimer’s, he discovered extracellular…

Aging in the brain is a complex process that involves several systems and structures. As the brain ages, there is a decreased activity in neurotransmission and increased risk for the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Dysfunction of the central noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems is one of the biological characteristics of aging in the brain and may contribute to changes in cognitive and motor functions in old individuals. Furthermore, aging-dependent norepinephrine (NE) loss occurs…

compartments and homeostasis The two main fluid compartments in the human body; intracellular fluid (ICF) and the extracellular fluid (ECF), are prevalent in the bodies homeostatic regulation mechanisms. Approximately two-thirds of human body fluid is referred to as intracellular fluid and is found within the plasma membrane of the cell. The remaining third is known as the extracellular fluid and can be found outside of the cell, moving throughout the body and consists of two parts. The first…