Extracellular matrix

However, hypoxia leads to the production of lactic acid which results in an acidic pH in the disc. Both hypoxia and high osmolarity typical of the degenerate NP environment were shown to affect discogenic differentiation negatively by decreasing ECM matrix expression and proliferation (Oh et al. 2010). When all three conditions; low nutrients, low pH, and high osmolarity were combined, the same detrimental effect was still observed, therefore showing that pH and osmolarity have a greater effect…

Tumor microenvironments consist of solid tumors and a matrix of blood supply. This also consist of a variety of immune cells that aid in cell signaling. This environment functions off the recruitment of chemoattractants, growth hormones, cytokines, and other key elements. Myeloid derived stem cells play a major role in tumor microenvironments. The stems cells that come stem from here are stimulated with various factors. Myeloid progenitor stem cells stimulated with erythropoietin gives rise to…

treatment yet in the case of DMD as there is no specific cell type that completely ameliorates the disease. Many of the hurdles in stem cells include finding the best place for the transplant or infusion site and dealing with the disruption of the extracellular matrix in treatment. Even with these challenges stem cells are an expansion in the treatment of many diseases including; diabetes, acute hepatic failure, metabolic liver diseases, retinal diseases, PD, HD, and possibly heart…

Product Description PROKERA® is a therapeutic device used by eye doctors around the world to protect, repair and heal damaged eye surfaces. PROKERA® is made by clipping a piece of amniotic membrane tissue in between two rings made out of a clear, flexible material. What is amniotic membrane tissue? Amniotic membrane is part of the placenta. It is the tissue closest to the baby throughout development in the womb. Amniotic membrane protects the baby from any harm and it has natural therapeutic…

Stromelysin-1 Stromelysin-1 is used to identify risk of developing CAD. Stromelysin-1 or matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) is a matrix remodeling enzyme which degrades collagen, proteoglycans, gelatin and elastin. Therefore MMP-3 affects the matrix composition, which affects lipid accumulation, vascular remodeling and plaque instability resulting in cardiovascular disease. Human MMP-3 gene is found on chromosome 11q22…

Muscular Dystrophy is a disease which leads to muscle weakness and loss of strength. This disease begins at an early age and symptoms appear during the early stages of childhood and it progressively destroys and deteriorates the muscles. Among the many types of Muscular Dystrophy, the most common and severe form is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is an inherited disorder and unlike other forms of Muscular Dystrophy, it is the one that develops and worsens quickly…

QUESTION No 1 How eggs and sperms are produced? Explain in detail the mechanism of fusion of Egg and sperm in human? ANSWER: Gametogenesis is the formation of the sex cells in multicellular eukaryotes. The word Gameto mean the gametes and genesis for formation of . Gametes typically come in male (sperm) and female (eggs). In human , the process involves two specialized cell divisions. The purpose is to create a haploid cell able to be well-suited with another haploid cell. Sperms is formed…

Results 14 – 3 -3 sigma gene produces 4N cell having an irregular shape 14 – 3 – 3 sigma gene was overexpressed to determine its function in tumor cells. The amount of living cells for G was 81% while for the S sample, 73% was measured. This unexpected minor difference may be due the stress caused while handling the sample e.g. the incubator was opened several times causing fluctuation in temperature, essential gases (e.g. oxygen) and the cells were taken out of the incubator for…

Question 2 What are stem cells (what characteristics define them)? Stem cells are cells that has the potential to develop into different cell types in the body during early life and growth. They serve as an internal repair system , dividing essentially without limit to replenish other cells as long as the person is alive .When a stem cell divides it can either remain as a stem cell or can develop into a cell with more specialized function like muscle cell, red blood cell etc. Two…

one of four main integrins: α4 β7, LFA-1 (αLβ2, CD11a/CD18), Mac-1 (αΜβ2, CD11b/CD18), or VLA-4 (α4β1). Integrins of the β1 subfamily, specifically VLA-1, VLA-2, VLA-4, VLA-5 and VLA-6, have been shown to facilitate leukocyte migration across extracellular matrix. It is important to note that there is considerable redundancy: multiple ligands have been identified for a single receptor, and multiple receptros bind a single ligand (Lowell et al., 2012). The proadhesive properties of integrins are…