External validity

Introduction Evaluations in social work practices are needed to report the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of psychological intervention used in the field. The single subject research design (SSRD) is an empirical measurement of a client’s functioning over a time span. This SSRD tool will measure the client’s functioning before, during and after the intervention (Jordan & Franklin, 2011). This paper will describe the client, establish a baseline, track two targeted goals over 30 days and…

Moral ambiguity, strategic, and expressive voting can be understood as facets of the “problem of consensus” and the exclusion of religious arguments (or the inclusion of the duty of civility) from PJP. Firstly, he considers the case of Hawaiian voting, from which he argues that since the contribution and reasoning behind a vote are morally vague, the duty of civility is not directly derivable and religious arguments should be accepted. (Gaus 8-9) This is tested by formulating the Shared Reasons…

which could be more realistic and closer to what could actually happen in a courtroom. For future studies it is suggested to make the study setting as similar to a courtroom and have the participants go through a mock session to increase the external validity of the outcomes. Additionally, choosing a more random sample from the general population…

broad categories based on the type of data involved. These are known as primary data, which is data gathered specifically to research a particular situation, and secondary data, which is data which is already in existence, either from internal or external sources, that has been gathered for other purposes but can be applied to the issue currently under investigation (Peter & Donnelly, 2015, p. 34). In the case of J.C. Penney’s “Fair and Square” Pricing Strategy, the company decided to rely…

variable cannot be controlled or manipulated (Smith & Davis 2015). An appropriate method of data collection for this research would be the interest checklist and the sickness impact profile - 68. As these are both external to the research being completed, they have been evaluated for validity, reliability through extensive testing and previous studies (Fife-schaw, 2010).…

Introduction Bernoulli principle is a statement of conservation of energy per unit mass for an ideal fluid in steady motion, where it states the sum of pressure, kinetic and potential energies per unit volume is constant (Munson, et al., 2013). Venturi effect is where the pressure of the fluid decreases which causes its velocity to increase as it passes through a constricted section of a pipe. This is the basis of this report’s investigation. The aim of this investigation is to compare the flow…

nothing biological about gender in itself, there are aspects of gender that are influenced by biologic sex. Regardless of whether or not you believe in the concept of gender, there are biological differences between male and female bodies. Aside from external genitalia, the biological…

of these views narratives have formed different perspectives and have taken different meanings out of the bible. It has also formed many opinions that contradict each other's perspectives creating an internal and external conflict among many. It is difficult to know for sure the validity of every single interpretation because these views open many…

Improving instructional methods for teachers and leaders across the country is imperative for the greater good of our country, future leaders and global economy. Data-driven instructional systems can be used to help translate summarized testing into information that teachers and leaders can use to ensure student achievement for all levels. Although there are many researchers that have sought out to predict and explain the importance of data-driven instruction (DDI), there is still an abundance…

A plan of action intended to address an issue can initially appear to be absolute. It may be feasible, based on pertinent research, and conform to the objectives of the organization. However, even a seemingly “model” plan can prove to be deficient once it is implemented. Some of the activities of the criminal justice system are indicative of the reality that a solid idea cannot only be ineffective upon application, but it can potentially exacerbate a problem. For example, with a growing crime…