External carotid artery

Are the serious health implications caused by hypoxia worth the emotional fulfilment of summiting at high altitude? In Jon Krakauer's Into Thin Air, the severely hypoxic climbers atop Mount Everest fall victim to a series of fatal mistakes that result in the tragic death of fifteen climbers in the spring of 1996. Serious health implications including AMS, HAPE, and HACE weigh heavily on a climbers decision to summit at high altitude despite the recent technological improvements in modern…

About blood Functions Blood is the biological fluid in our body that transports nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and also exports the metabolic waste product away from the cells. To ensure the supply of oxygen needed by our organs and tissues, there are four important steps: 1. The oxygen must be transferred from our lungs into the blood plasma 2. The oxygen is stored on the hemoglobin in the red cells 3. The oxygen is transported to our body cells via circulation. 4. The oxygen is released…

1 – Introduction Haemocompatibility is an evaluation of the effects of medical devices on blood and the blood components which they come in contact with. It confers to a set of properties that indicate the ability of the material to come in contact with the blood without resulting in adverse reactions. In terms of regulatory requirements, the material is tested in relation to 5 main test categories: Thrombus Coagulation Platelets Haematology Immunology Problems with haemocompatibility…

Mechanical Ventilator is a life support system that mechanically assist patient in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. It can also be called as artificial respiration system. Mechanical ventilation can help or support complete breathing, depending on the patient’s condition. Anyone who have problem in breathing normally, or having chronic diseases may require mechanical ventilator. It also includes patients suffering from spinal cord injury, stroke or any other disorders. Rapid growth in…

1. Mark’s initial reaction of becoming red and sweating was a negative feedback reaction, from his body, to the heat. The human body can function properly in a certain temperature range. If the temperature of the internal environment rises above the acceptable range, the proteins in the body begin to denature. The body’s senses detect this temperature change, sends a signal through the afferent pathway to the integration center(brain). The integration center sends a signal via the efferent…

Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is often a feared complication of overly aggressive correction of hyponatremia (defined as < 135 mEq/L).1 Current guidelines1,2,3 dictate a slow correction of sodium, generally not exceeding 8-10 mEq/24 hrs to prevent CPM.1 CPM is a non-inflammatory demyelinating disease characterized by the loss of myelin in the base of the pons and carries a poor prognosis, often times resulting in death. We present a case in which an elderly gentleman was admitted for…

such as attention deficits and irritability to more severe forms such as altered consciousness, stupor, and even going into a coma. The most common complication is ascites. Vasodilation in the systemic circulation can lead to under filling of the arteries which will then activate the renin angiotensin pathway, this pathway will in turn stimulate the sympathetic nervous system. All of this will lead to the retention of sodium and water, and together with low levels of albumin levels and increased…

ACHALASIA Achalasia refers to a rare disease of the muscle of the lower esophageal body and the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) that prevents relaxation of the sphincter and inability of the muscles to contract, or absence of peristalsis, of the esophagus. LES pressure and relaxation are regulated by excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters however, patients with achalasia lack these nonadrenergic, noncholinergic inhibitory ganglion cells thus, causing imbalance between the excitatory and…

Peripheral artery disease is due to a blockage of small or medium arteries that gives off blood to the rest of the body. This disease, especially affects the lower extremities and tend to be common. Patients with this peripheral artery disease (PAD) is at greater risk of myocardial infarctions and strokes. PAD affects is known to affect at least 29% of the population and the chance of you getting it, increases with age. Also gender, cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, smoking and high blood…

Pets can end up with all kinds of disease, just as we can. Gaining knowledge of what those could be, what the signs are, and what steps to take is the key to keeping your pet happy and healthy. Our pets should have regular checkups so any diseases or illnesses can be detected early. One thing that can happen to our pets is hypokalemia, which can be potentially fatal. What is hypokalemia? The simple definition is low blood potassium. But what is going on inside the body when a dog has…