Expected shortfall

Asset pricing theories help us to find out risks of assets and provide us with a framework to associate risks of assets with their expected returns. A large number of theories and models have been prevailed to relate the risk and return of various assets to aid practitioners in selecting investment portfolio. These theories include Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) and the Capital Assets Pricing Model (CAPM). The Arbitrage Pricing Theory is a theory developed by Stephen Ross (1976) and was later…

Wildwood Christian Academy announced its closing in an e-mail to parents August 1. The private school in Marble Hill that stressed strong academics was scheduled to open this year on August 17, but will close permanently due to a financial shortfall from a decline in enrollment. The school on Whitley Road South was founded in 2003 and had added a high school in 2013-2014. It was serving around 70 students at the time of the closing. The school’s website noted at one point it served 130 students…

Also, the United Nations says that the world’s population is aging. This is due to a reduction in birth rates and increase life expectancy of developed countries. In developing countries the birth rate in on the rise and the world population is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050 ("U.N.," 2014, p. 1). This in turn mean a reduction in the ratio of works versus those retired. With less people working that means a slower recover from the recession according to Adam Ozimek of Forbes (Ozimek, 2013,…

The Collins Dictionary defines “immigration” as the act of coming to live permanently in a foreign country. Therefore, it could be said that the first immigrants to Australia were the forbears of the Australian Aborigines who arrived on the continent via the islands of New Guinea and Maritime Southeast Asia an estimated fifty thousand years ago. The late 17th century onwards saw the continent experience its first coastal arrivals after earlier journeys by European explorers. However, Australia’s…

An estimate of the cost per day, per inmate multiplied by the number of days each inmate had left on their sentence was utilized to show the expected savings amount. The authors also showed the anticipated decrease in the rate of incarceration but do not go into detail as to how they came to this conclusion. The results found support the author’s objective; that by implementing the specific three…

decrease in sales and act hand in hand with each other. The payment to creditors is also worrying considering that our sales and collection from debtors is decreasing, and we are paying out more. This company obviously saw that they were running at a shortfall and invested more capital and paid their loan off to get rid of the high interest rates that added to their deficit. Fixed cash expenses are expenses that the company has to pay every month. Fixed expenses include rent expense, salaries…

reported school closures around that time. The Kansas City school board decided to close about half of their 61 schools due to the possibility of bankruptcy. According to Martinez, “ All of these closures stem from two problems: significant budget shortfalls as a result of declining enrollment and perpetual underperformance of multiple schools” (Martinez 2011 pg 2). Some people see school closures as an opportunity to transform their school districts and others believe closing schools can only…

2 Based on the Bowman reading, what are the relative pluses and minuses of a city government with a strong elected mayor versus an appointed city manager? Mayors tend to be the most prominent figures in the city government primarily because their position automatically makes them the center of attention. A strong mayor structure establishes the mayor as the sole chief executive who exercises substantive policy responsible. The more of these powers a mayor has the stronger her or his position is…

The goal within every educational institution is to provide an environment that is conducive to learning. Ultimately, academia’s purpose is to broaden a student’s intellectual knowledge; although, the current state of academia has many visible shortfalls. To ensure individual growth, facilitators must not focus on proving to colleagues and parents that they can essentially ‘run’ a classroom, but they must focus on effectually providing a community in which a student can interact and truly…

Maintenance has a significant impact on reliability. The objective of maintenance and reliability is to maintain the capability of the system. Good maintenance removes variability. Systems must be designed and maintained to reach expected performance and quality standards (Heizer & Render, 2014). In most organizations, reliability affect their ability to provide a quality product or service to their customers and vendors. For example, the Krispy Kreme Donut conveyer belt produces 270 dozen…