Excommunication

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    Recognized by esteemed awards, counting a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship, a National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship, and grants from the American Council of Learned Societies and the American Philosophical Society, James M. Kittleson used his talent and scholarly successes as an ardent researcher focused on Martin Luther and the Lutheran Reformation. For three decades, he was a frontrunner in the field of Reformation studies, to which he gave generously of his time and talent, serving on the…

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    connotation that blacks are the ‘cursed’ descendants of Ham which resulted in their skin color. This is the society of Gilead’s validation to excommunication and prejudiced that Tatum states as “a preconceived judgment or opinion, usually based on limited information” (YEAR p. 5). The motivations for these and other religiously based segregations, excommunications, and executions is revealed by Atwood during the caucasian assembly and the ‘efforts’ to sustain the caucasian ‘race’, at least the…

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    Church Union Formation

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    1228 - 1229 by himself in which he was able to negotiate the return of Jerusalem. The pope even excommunicated him again. In 1230 Pope Gregory IX lifted the excommunication, but only…

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    In the Miriam Toews’ A Complicated Kindness, the irony is used throughout the book to get deeper meanings across. Toews’s even uses dark and adolescent humor to not only to show the gap between reality and the ideal but also to bridge that gap. An example of this ironically laced humor would be Nomi explaining what there is to do in East Village ‘”Golf was another one because it consisted of using a rod to hit something much, much smaller than yourself and a lot of men in this town enjoyed that…

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    John Hus Thesis

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    John Hus was a Bohemian religious reformer and martyr. His name comes from the village of Husinec where he was born. Huss was the forerunner of Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation. He was a national hero whose influence is still felt in the Czech Republic. Huss was born into a peasant family and graduated from the University of Prague (Charles University). He began lecturing at the university in 1398 and served as rector twice. Huss was ordained a priest in 1400. At this time many…

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    Missionaries and their conflictive involvement in Imperial politics Foreign Missionaries played a detrimental role when it came to colonial conquest in the 19th century. Sent out by the European governments to expand its empires, missionaries influenced the lives of Africans by directly or indirectly facilitating the “Colonization of Consciousness:” the idea of transforming Africans into colonial subjects by introducing the western, civilized way of life. This was seen through language,…

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    The period between the 5th and 14th centuries were known as “The Middle Ages” or Medieval period. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe didn’t have leaders or a political structure to unite the people. The Roman Catholic Church eventually became that institution along with kings, queens, and noblemen that would incite control over the people. During the Middle Ages, ordinary people like merchants, salesmen, carpenter and peasants were required to tithe 10 percent of their earnings each year…

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    The Protestant Reformation changed the course of history in Europe due to the people starting to realize that the Pope was overusing his wealth and power. During the 16th century people in Europe believed in one religion known as Catholicism where they supported the Pope’s teachings. Due to the fact that people were illiterate and uneducated the Pope taught them about indulgences and other wrong teachings. The big “religious reformers” were Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII who…

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    One of the biggest controversies in the United States today is the issue regarding opposing views on abortion amongst different Christian groups. Abortion, in its meaning refers to a woman who is pregnant and chooses to end her pregnancy. This action occurs by a doctor who removes a fetus from the woman’s womb before it is viable and able to survive in the outside world. This such procedure can be done during the woman’s first trimester of pregnancy, but can also be performed in the second…

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    How did monarchs in England and France expand royal authority and lay the foundations for united nation-states? Monarchs in England and France struggled for power with the nobles and Church. The Black Death and Crusades as well as political and religious changes during the Middle Ages led to the expansion of royal authority and laid the foundations for united nation-states. The dominant force of the Middle Ages was feudalism. Feudal lords had control over the land and the serfs who were…

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