Excitatory postsynaptic potential

by the atrioventricular node (A-V node) and the adjacent conductive fibres. Conduction in cardiac muscle is hindered by the decreasing number of gap junctions along the pathway of conduction which creates a resistance against the conduction of excitatory ions, i.e. Ca2+, from one fibre to another. This ensures that the atria completely empty the blood into the ventricles before ventricular contraction occurs. 3. A typical electrocardiogram (ECG) usually shows P, Q, R,…

Hence, due to the blocking properties of lignocaine, it prevents the depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron, and averts the initiation of an action potential (Sheu and Lederer, 1985). The effects of lignocaine on the intestinal smooth muscle are described to be concentration-dependent contractures (F A., 1986). Thus, in the experiment, as the amplitude of contraction was…

Anatomy of cerebral cortex: Brain is most complex organ in human body. The ability of brain for its functioning normally is manifestation of various activities it takes participation in various activities of day to day life, being it hidden from the view or perceptible, like walking, smelling, thinking, laughing, speaking, and hearing. These manifestations are results of very coordinated and complex electrical and chemical activity within and between the cells those makes up our brain. Abnormal…

that the artificial sweetener aspartame and flavour enhancer L-glutamic acid can act as a form of neurotoxin that could potentially destroy central neurons. These two chemicals overstimulate the postsynaptic excitatory membrane receptor, leading to higher level of neurite inhibition, which can be a potential risk factor for ADHD. Also the overstimulation of NMDA receptor is often associated with mood disorder like depression (McCarthy et al., 2012). Lau and colleagues’ study furthermore looked…

Promote interior conditions that could be required control for homeostasis. Those are water substance and body temperature. In the event that homeostasis does not kept up, the body can't be capacity legitimately and disease may guarantee. Homeostasis is the procedure in that the body's inside surroundings is hold consistent in light of any outside environment changes. This includes keeping up consistent quality in different body frameworks. Temperature direction is a vital substantial capacity…

Muscle Cramps As a recent victim of severe muscle cramps, I decided to take up the matter as the topic of my extra credit project. Muscle cramps are muscle spasms elongated for indefinite periods of time. Muscles contract involuntarily and forcibly, resulting in mild to intense pain that can last anywhere from seconds to over fifteen minutes. Muscle cramps can appear distorted or feel firmer than its normal, relaxed state. Muscle cramps have the ability to affect any skeletal muscle, whether…

the GluR1 subunit was unaffected. Secondly, they were able to show that both GluR1 and GluR2 where translocated to the biochemical fraction of the synaptoneurosome whereas NR1 was not. And finally, they found that the slope of the evoked field excitatory…

Most mammals discern various chemical signals in the environment so that they may adapt their behaviour and response in order to improve their chances of survival. Although many higher order organisms utilize both olfaction and gustation for chemosensitivity, majority of animals rely on the former as the primary chemosensory modality (Reviewed from Lledo et al, 2005). The mammalian olfactory system controls a plethora of functions such as homeostasis, emotions such as fear, anger, pleasure and…

Introduction Neural circuits which are involved in fear/threat learning and emotional memory have been studied in various ways including human subjects and laboratory animals. We will first discuss the basic circuits involved in fear conditioning and emotional memory learning. After that, two specific systems – norepinephrine (NE) projections from locus coeruleus (LC) and serotonin (5-HT) projections from dorsal raphe nuclei (DR) – and its effects on threat learning and fear conditioning will…

Neurotransmitters travel from one neuron to the other through electrical current, it is either inhibitory or excitatory, this means that the cell either increases or decreases its membrane potential. Synthesis control is crucial for neurotransmitters, it ensures the precursor of neurotransmitters. Moreover, end product inhibition recognizes how much neurotransmitters are in the synaptic cleft. In schizophrenia…