Excitatory postsynaptic potential

somatosensory and vestibular terminals. Previous studies in guinea pig and rat have shown that cochlear damage results in a decrease of VGLUT1-labeled puncta and an increase in VGLUT2-labeled puncta. This indicates cross-modal compensation that is of potential importance in somatic tinnitus. In order to confirm this hypothesis, knock-out studies in a mouse model of tinnitus…

Cell-Cell Communication in Taste Buds: Activation of Type II cells by taste stimuli causes the release of ATP through pannexin hemichannels and/or CALMH1 channels. The released ATP or sour stimuli can activate Type III cells and causes release of different hormones such as 5-HT and NE via Ca2+-dependent exocytosis. In some instances NE is co-released with 5-HT (Dvoryanchikov et al., 2007; Huang et al., 2008a). The ATP released by Type II taste cells acts as a paracrine as well as an autocrine…

roller coaster system. In doing this we were able to determine the velocity of the cart as a function of its height upon the roller coaster, find the kinetic and potential energy for each trial of the cart and conclude energy loss due to friction. The results from part one concluded that as the roller coaster cart went down a hill the potential energy was converted into kinetic energy that resulted in an increase of speed. When the cart was at its highest peak it had the lowest velocity, but…

A mousetrap car is a car powered by a mousetrap. It utilizes potential energy, kinetic energy, and mechanical energy. Potential energy is a type of energy an object has because of its position. For example, elastic potential energy of a rubber band depends on how far it is pulled back from rest. The farther it is pulled back, the higher its potential energy. Once the rubber band is let go, the potential energy is then converted into kinetic energy, the energy of movement. The held end of the…

Fig.() The appetite control system in the brain. (A) The structural components of the system include the ARC (arcuate nucleus), PVN (paraventricular nucleus), LHA (lateral hypothalamus area), VMN (ventral medial nucleus), and DMV (dorsalmedial nucleus) at the hypothalamus; the NTS (nucleus tractus solitarii) at the brainstem; the NAcc (nucleus accumbens) and amygdala in the prefrontal cortex; and the cortex. (B) The major appetite signal reception and integration occur in the hypothalamus. In…

Introduction Volatile inhaled anesthetics are commonly used for general anesthesia worldwide because of their fast action and easy management. However, there is accumulating evidence indicating that general anesthetics that activate gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) receptors induce widespread apoptosis at a clinically relevant concentration in the developing brain of rodents [1, 2, 3]. Furthermore, anesthetic administration in children causes long-term impairments of cognitive behavior later in…

Chroniko Chroniko is situated on a circular island, surrounded by a vast body of water that will be utilized as a source of hydroelectric power. The living compartments will similarly be arranged in a circular fashion around the perimeter of the island. While this land is powered by some sort of electricity, usage is kept to a minimum, with each household limited to a certain amount of usage per month. With the idea of sustainability in mind, transportation across Chroniko will be through more…

change in stimulus artifact allows the compound action potential (CAP) to appear (Johnson and Byrne, 2003). As it can be seen in the figures there’s a delay in time between the stimulus artifact and CAP, this is the reflection time that CAP takes to move from the initial site at the stimulating electrodes to the recording electrodes (Johnson and Byrne, 2003). CAP, which is a response that had occurred from a graded external action potential…

ENG 380T – Literature and Medicine Nicole Radova The Bionic Eye: A Collaborative Vision “Seeing is believing” – an idiom commonly uttered and heard in today’s Western world. Sight has been deemed the superior sense in our society since its association with knowledge acquisition in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (Classen 1997, 402), which the Scientific Revolution directly preceded. Yet available to us are four other senses, which itself is not an ultimate truth as the very concept…

The Nervous system is one of the most important parts of the body. It connects all other organs to help them communicate together. This system is made up of the brain, the spinal cord, sensory organs, and nerves that connect organs together. When all of these parts work together, they have control of the body. The brain and the spinal cord are two major organs that make up the central nervous system. The nervous systems relationship with the other systems is giving them the right information…