Evolutionary linguistics

Cognitive psychology concerns both language and thought and has been well known just since the 1950s. From ancient Greek times, just philosophers and metaphysicians concentrated on the study of nature of language and thought. Language is an arrangement of symbols and guidelines that is sorted out progressively, from phonemes to morphemes to expressions and sentences that communicate meaning. In this essay I will try to analyse and reflect on my thoughts about the relationship, language and…

In the world of one-pagers, beat sheets, drafts and synopsis. Scene by scene breakdowns can get lost in the shuffle. Writers often forget about this process altogether, which is a huge mistake on their part. Scene by scene breakdowns are a writer’s trump card, as they benefit from this process in countless ways. Perhaps the most common reason for skipping the scene by scene breakdown process is simply because not everyone has a clear definition, or idea of what it actually is. The unfortunate…

Sae Koyama J2 Language Arts Essay 1 The speaker of a poem has a significant effect on how it’s perceived by readers. The word choice the speaker uses can make us interpret the poem as being playful, or serious at times. In Mary Swenson’s ‘Southbound on the Freeway’ and E.A. Robinson’s ‘Dark Hills’ the speakers in their respective poems are completely different, and although the messages they convey to us are just as serious, the tone and imagery used to communicate the poet's message are…

difficulties encountered by older adults may also stem from their ability to use syntactic knowledge efficiently. Therefore, it is assumed that older adults comprehend shorter sentences with fewer clauses easily, which may be resulted from age-related linguistic…

IDEOLOGY In contrast, Street (1984) stated that an 'Ideological' model of literacy "accepts that literacy varies from situation to situation and it depends on the belief" (Barton, 1994: 25). This means that reading, writing are cultural practices, and are learned in specific cultural contexts (Baker & Street, 1991:2). In (Cabral, & Martin-Jones 2008). Ideological model argued that using literacy and numeracy cannot be generalized across cultures, and cannot be isolated or treated either as…

Firstly, text and discourse are two key terms in linguistics. From a linguistic perspective, the earlier is used to “refer to any written or taped record of a certain piece of communication”. The former is used to “refer to the piece of communication in context”. (Nunan, 1993, P. 20) In addition, discourse in linguistics, is a unit of language larger than a single sentence. More broadly, discourse is known as the use of spoken or written language in a social context. Furthermore, discourses need…

Cultural identity is usually inferred on the basis of one’s sense of the act and the stance meanings. Of course, although some acts and stances are closely associated with particular cultural identities, other acts and stances are resources for constructing a wide range of cultural identities. The action is represented by touching, reaching, manipulating, and transforming not only ways of knowing objects, but also fundamental conceptual dimensions of cultural objects (Ochs 1993). It is…

Basically, we are aware that there are two forms of language learning. The first type is second language learning and next is foreign language learning (FLL). Learners from English language speaking environment are categorized as English language learners (ELL) and theylearn English as a second language. In contrast, foreign language learning is when the language studied by the learners is not spoken in the native country of the learners. There are key differences which are relevant to teaching…

1 Common Punctuation Mistakes Aside from the usual spelling and grammar mistakes I unintentionally do when writing, I often incur punctuation mistakes too. Listed below are common punctuation mistakes which I often encounter. 1. The abused apostrophe Apostrophes while simple in form confuse many of its users. It would help to always remember that punctuation rules for an apostrophe first is to imply ownership; second is to turn possessive noun words that commonly end in “s” into their plural…

Chapter one 1. Preliminaries 1.1 Introduction Translation is the act of rendering a written text from one language into another. It is the action of interpretation of the meaning of a text, and subsequent production of an equivalent text, also called a translation, that communicates the same message in another language, which is why the outcome has to be close to the original meaning. If the goal of the translation is to understand the culture, it is more useful to comprehend the meaning.…