there were only nine knights that swore to protect their fellow Christians. Many criticized the Knights’ ways. But that didn’t stop Hugh de Payns, a Knight Templar, went to Europe, campaigning for acceptance. He soon achieved it; in 1128, at the Council of Troyes, Bernard of Clairvaux vouched for them and expressed his support for the Order’s cause. There they were officially recognized by the papacy. This show of support was a huge step for the Templars. Many new troops flooded in from…
the pilgrimage routes, to defending the Holy Land. In June 1148, the Templars gathered near Acre in order to attack Damascus. A series of bad decisions caused the great army to disintegrate within five days. Blame was laid at the feet of the European kings, who were accused of ambition and stupidity for choosing to attack Damascenes. With the failure of the Second Crusade, Bernard wrote a defiant apology in defending his role in preaching and organizing the recent expedition. In Apologia…
centralized and stronger from a reform movement to end the practice whereby kings installed important clergy, such as bishops, in office. Power balance had begun to swing towards the west (Kedar 61). Thereupon, the popes were able to effectively unite European popular support…
concerned that these new plans will only increase the housing crisis that we are currently facing (Foster, 2016). Local authorities are being given more flexibility to manage their own housing waiting lists and £774 million has already been given to 31 councils, excluding London who will receive £820 million to refurbish existing properties and improve the standards of living to those tenants. Registered…
The speech at the Council of Clermont by pope Urban II was the defining moment in Crusades ideology, creating the foundation for the first large scale Crusades to take place. With the newly found five accounts of the Council I’ll try to paint an accurate picture as possible of what exactly occurred. There is no official transcript from pope Urban II; instead these documents provide first hand accounts of what occurred. Whether they are reliable or not is another matter. Since each document…
Bible Study Overall Series The Great Galatian Debate Galatians 1- On Defense (Paul’s Reason for Writing) Galatians 2- Real Talk (Holy Conferencing) Galatians 3- Believe or Be (Faith vs. Good Works) Galatians 4- Freedom to Live (Slavery vs. Freedom) Galatians 5- Lifestyle (Fruits of the Spirit) Galatians 6- Sharing is Caring (Instructions to the Community) Behind the Scenes This Study of Paul’s letter to the Galatians uses the style of a presidential political debate to better understand…
1. Explain how pseudepigraphy worked in the first century, and give three examples. Pseudepigraphy is essentially levels of authorship. Pseudeprigraphy asks the question – “Did the stated author of the letter actually write it.” Three examples of Pseudepigraphy include the following: Literal Authorship – is where the writing comes directly from the authors brain Dictation – is a word for word translation which then is written down on paper Delegated Authorship – is where the amanuensis was…
the Catholic Church. CCF simplifies the financial abuses of indulgences and how the Council of Trent clarified the Church’s position on the subject (CCF, 305). On the other hand, Peter Beer focuses on the Council’s ruling on indulgences in 1563. In his article “What Price Indulgences, Trent and Today”, Beer explains the struggle to come to consensus on indulgences. He expands on the seven questions posed to the council about indulgences (Beer, 527). These questions include topics such as what…
The Pruitt-Igoe complex began as a benign plot to provide low-income families with affordable housing, but several decades later, it ended up as a ruined relic of the past. The Pruitt-Igoe Myth tells the story of the transformation of the American city, specifically that of St Louis, Missouri, in the developing era after the second world war, through the lens of the infamous Pruitt-Igoe housing development team and the residents of St. Louis who called the complex home. After WW2, many residents…
Good morning to you all! Before I begin my speech, I would like to thank Maryam for that wonderful introduction. The reason I am running for mayor is, growing up, I have tried many times to get involved, to make a difference, but no matter how hard I tried things kept going back to how they were before. If I were mayor, things would be different. Toronto would be a safer place to live. So far in 2015, the amount of shooting deaths and injuries are up by 58% compared to last year, to combat this…