European Court of Justice

factors, causing great indigenous disadvantage. Whilst indigenous people comprise less than two per cent of the total population they make up approximately nineteen per cent of the prison population due to inherent problems in traditional criminal justice system responses to processes and to the indigenous individuals offending. Criticism of the Australian Legal System suggests that the system may be working exactly how it was intended to; refined by privileged civilians with unintentional but…

Canada, westward, or live in plantations created at their ancestral homes1. Conflict in Northwestern Territories was much more violent among nine different tribes allied with the Shawnee and Algonquin against American settlers. In 1791, the Indian tribes killed, captured, or wounded over 900 soldiers[7]. As the Indian war continued, the tribes faced outnumbering and there was a turn of the tides. In 1794, 3,000 troops defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, the Indians were forced…

Geography: Canada is the 2nd largest nation on Earth with a total land area of 9,984,670 sq km, and is the largest nation on the North American continent. Although Canada is the second largest country on Earth and the largest in North America, most of Canada 's land is part of a rather inhospitable land that is characterized by tundra and arctic features. Consequently, due to Canada 's very northern location, most of the Canadian population lives towards the United States border where the most…

Do you ever ruminate what your life would be like if there were no government? Thomas Hobbes is one of the most influential European political philosophers that illustrates this question. Western political philosophy has its ties to the common law of the United Kingdom, but few people have knowledge of the “founding father” of our modern political system. Born prematurely in the English county of Wiltshire, Hobbes was raised by his father’s older brother named Francis, who was a wealthy merchant…

aboriginals and they didn’t know how to treat them. For a period of time the aboriginals were treated like animals. They lost all their cultural beliefs and ways of living nearly instantly. The aboriginals were forced to learn to live the “civil” way the Europeans did. The aboriginal’s rights were already taken away from them as early as 1788.…

While under the custody of the police he was refused the opportunity to review the situation with his attorney and was not warned of his constitutional rights. The Supreme Court found that Escobedo’s Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments were violated that any statement given by Escobedo while in police custody or during his interrogation may not be used against him at trial for the murder of his brother-in-law. (Williams, 1964)…

Rangatahi Courts Indigeneity has also been attempted to be recognised through Rangatahi Courts, which emerged after the judiciary acknowledged the overrepresentation of Maori youth in the criminal justice system (Dickson, 2011). Rangatahi courts monitor family group conferences which engage in sentencing. They support retaining Maori identity which is critical to avoid harm and poverty (Jackson, 1988). Yet, the same concerns of being tokenistic in nature are present, as though the process is…

racial discrimination in the American criminal justice system transpires within the treatment of juvenile offenders. Additionally, researchers have proposed that the informality, as well as the flexibility allowed in the juvenile criminal justice system, perpetuates the potential for abuse. Along with racial inequality, which is clearly evident during the arrest, the initial point of contact between the youth, law enforcement officials and the justice system. Furthermore, it has been shown that…

The Feudal System was a societal structure established in the European Medieval Ages. It involves the King’s distribution of his land amongst his subjects, as a form of loan. It was a tool used by rulers to ensure the loyalty of their country as well as the loyalty of those who may otherwise wish to overthrow his reign. Apart from this, the subjects benefitted from the system as it ensured that they would have at least a small piece of land, which was necessary as 98% of the medieval population…

The migration system with the European Union is quite a simple arrangement; Treaties, Directives and Regulations are put into place for European Union (EU) citizen members. If you are not a European Union citizen then the system becomes more complex with boundaries for entry. European law is the highest form of law within the EU, for example it will overpower British Acts of Parliament. If you are a citizen of a member state that is a member of the European Union then you will be allowed…