European Central Bank

Linking cash transfer to Herbert Simon’s bounded rational theory (Group component): The government of India had actually three policy choices to be made - Policy 1- whether to completely go for cash transfer for all the social welfare programs (including for food distribution). Policy 2- whether to continue with the existing “in kind” subsidies and no cash transfer. Policy 3- whether to partially go for cash transfer for some benefits like scholarship, old age pension etc and continue…

2. The PZK Co will take out a forward exchange contract, the foreign exchange contract is define as an agreement of two sides to determine in a specified amount of currency exchange on a valid date. The advantages of PZK Co use forward contracts are that, the company can hedge their imports by locking the currency rate, to avoid the unfavourable exchange rate and fluctuations thus the company can make use of the forward contract to ensure the exchange rate is fixed at the deal day. Moreover, the…

Figure 4.1 – Influence of the tax on the price of cigarettes Figure 4.1 illustrates the rising of the price as a result of the increasing tax. Market equilibrium moves from the point E0 to the E1. At this level of price, quantity reduces from Q0 to Q1. Price grows from P0 to P1. Consequently, the supply and demand model illustrates, that imposing a higher tax helps to reduce sales of cigarettes. Taxes burden affects more that category of the market which has a less price elasticity. That’s why…

Meanwhile, in recent weeks, it has become increasingly evident that Fed Chair Yellen is keen to avoid her legacy being judged as a disappointment via her inability to raise the federal funds rate. She has duly taken note of the failures of other central banks to raise their policy rates away from zero. As recently as last December, Fed Chair Yellen was confident the federal funds rate could be raised without causing…

Introduction The financial crisis of 2007-2008 hit the United States hard. Many large financial institutions hovered near the edge of collapse, others tumbled to ruin, stock markets plummeted and housing markets suffered. Its aftershocks rippled across the globe, starting a four-year global economic recession, contributing to sovereign debt problems in the Eurozone and stunting international trade. However, perhaps the most acute effects of the crisis were felt by your everyday Jane Does and…

Introduction: Most economists have been concerned about the relationship between inflation and the economic growth, for a very long period of time. The combination of the two, that is inflation and economic growth, they distinguish the variables of macro-economic. Inflation has a negative impact on the growth of the country; the South African statistics has proven that. I will be discussing that in details. Firstly, Inflation is simply defined as a situation where prices are perpetually and…

Money supply decreased and prices dropped Banks failed Low investment return Consumers withdrew funds International Trade Tariffs of 100% were imposed on raw materials entering the United States, thus the exporting countries imposed tariffs of their own. www.minneapolis.fed.org Which do you think was most damaging to the country’s economy? The failure of the Nation’s banks and the Stock Market crash, caused two-fold damage to the economy. The banks having invested in Germany before World…

makes laws that help people make money and there is no people around to follow them than the economy will not get better. The biggest influence on the economy is the chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, they have the monetary policy; actions of a central bank, currency board or other regulatory committee that determine the size and rate of growth of the money supply, which in turn affects interest rates. The Fed’s goals are to stabilize prices and promote maximum sustainable output and…

1. The Federal Reserve two primary goals, are: - Controlling Inflation; - Controlling Unemployment; The current Dual mandate of the Federal Reserve first made its way into the Federal Reserve Act in November 1977. Federal Reserve tries to achieve: 1) maximum employment; 2) stable prices; and 3) moderate long-term interest rates. The inflation rate over the longer run is primarily determined by monetary policy, and hence the Committee has the ability to specify a longer-run goal for inflation.…

overvalued (valued 128% over their historic price to income ratio). As mentioned, the foreign investors who spent their money in the capital play a huge role in creating the Bubble and pushing up house prices to unrealistic levels, especially in central London. However, London’s Chancellor has targeted the wealthy foreigners and has planned on putting an inheritance tax from 2017 for those…