Ethanol fuel

1-pyrenehexanoic acid was used as the 5-carbon linker and fluorescent component of the target molecule "PYRET-5". This molecule was purchased pure along with the sugar Trehalose, the molecule to which the pyrene was to be attached. Other reactants and solvents include HATU, HBTU, N, N-Diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA), sodium azide, Dimethylformamide (DMF), and Diphenyl phosphoryl chloride and were bought pure or used as received. All reactions were run at room temperature (298.15 K) and standard…

Results Unit 800 produces ethylene and acetic acid through the partial oxidation of ethane. Ethylene, the most abundant product from the unit, is partitioned such that half of the product is used as a feed source for Unit 600 and the other half is sold on the market. Ethylene purity must reach at least 99.5% to be sold as reagent grade. The second desired product, acetic acid, is also sold on the market, at 99% purity. Unit 800 consists of a fired heater to preheat the reactants, an…

When facing with challenges, people deal with problems in different ways. It is easy at times to just ignore these difficulties. However in order to really overcome an obstacle, one has to face and deal with it. Indian Horse by Richard Wagamese is the story of Saul Indian Horse, an Ojibway whose life transects the deep valleys of residential schools and substance abuse as well as the highest peak of minor-league hockey. Saul uses hockey as a way of escaping his past traumatic experiences as a…

6. The first step in metabolism of ethanol in humans is the oxidation of ethanol to acetyldehyde by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). At 298 K and pH=7.0, ethanol is incubated with ADH and the concentration of ethanol and acetyldehydee is measured over time. a. Using the results above, calculate the standard free energy change (ΔGº’) for this reaction. Explain your calculations. The standard free energy change can be expressed through the formula ΔGº’=-R(gas constant) T(temp in Kelvin)…

Introduction In this experiment, isopentyl acetate was prepared by the direct esterification of acetic acid with isopentyl alcohol, which is an equilibrium that results in a shift in favor of the product by using one of the starting materials in excess. An esterification reaction is when an acid is converted into an ester by combining with an alcohol and removing a water molecule. Esters are found in numerous natural products, including fruits, flowers, and spices. Carboxyllic esters contribute…

this experiment is to purify and separate ethanol and water by fractional distillation to achieve the 95% of ethanol and 5% of water; then determine the density of the liquids that were collected. In the experiment, 20 mL of ethanol solution were heated in the distillate flask and maintaining the temperature around 78°C to 82°C until there were 2 mL collected in the receiving flask . The results I observed is that I did not obtain a 95/5 percentage of ethanol and water and my average density of…

The goal of my study is to have a better understanding of why young people are more likely statistically to become binge drinkers, the act of consuming excessive amounts of alcohol in one sitting to reach drunkenness, than people of other ages. History often repeats itself. Humans are naturally selfish and often fall back into the same sinful ways. It is a common notion that people want what they cannot have. When the United States government restricted alcohol consumption in the early 1900s,…

Experiment 2. Steam Distillation The Isolation of the natural product trans-cinnamaldehyde from Cinnamon bark Abstract: This experiment aims at separating cinnamaldehyde from the cinnamon bark. A mixture of volatile and non-volatile elements is separated through the steam distillation method with temperature being below 100 oC. Moreover, the method is used to extract essential oils. The cinnamaldehyde will be conveyed up with the distillate, observed as an emulsion on the condensed vapor. It…

Purpose Ibuprofen is one of the most common over-the-counter medications. It reduces pain and inflammation by limiting certain hormones. The drug is taken orally, usually in the form of a pill, and is absorbed into the bloodstream once it dissolves. Both human saliva and human stomach acid aid in dissolving the pill. Human saliva has a pH of about 6, and stomach acid has a pH of approximately 2. The purpose of this investigation is to discover whether the pH of a solution will affect the time…

Prohibition was an attempt to forbid the manufacture, transportation and distributing of intoxicating beverages. By repealing the prime source of drunkenness, the Prohibition was supposed to lower crime and corruption, reduce social problems, deliver economic success and improve overall health and hygiene in Canada. Instead, it had quite the opposite effect. Alcohol became more lethal to consume; organized crime blossomed, bootlegging (the illegal sale of alcohol as a beverage) rose dramatically…