Estradiol

study identifies the risk factors for VTE, assessing their contribution to the presenting complaints experienced by the patient. Modifiable risk factors identified in this patient include the use of mixed (containing both progestin and Ethinyl estradiol) oral contraceptive pill (OCP), smoking, obesity and prolonged immobility. Of particular concern is the combination of smoking and use of mixed OCP. Smoking isolated from other risk factors slightly increased the risk of VTE, with evidence…

is a female reproductive hormone that is produced inside of the ovaries. Oestrogen is also produced inside the adrenal gland located above the kidneys and in the fat cells of the body. There are three different types of oestrogen. Namely Estrone, Estradiol and Estriol. These three different types of oestrogen all have different functions and are present in different present in the body. Oestrogen is extremely important for the proper functioning of the female reproductive system. The functions…

5. Dwivedi, et al., (2008) described that the Synthesis of 11-substituted estradiol derivatives (12–17) has been approved out by the Grignard reaction with alkyl, allyl, and benzyl halides on 17b-hydroxy-3-methoxy-11-oxo-estra-1,3,5(10),8(9)-tetraene (10). The novel compounds (10 and 12–17) were appraised for their preliminary post-coital contraceptive (anti-implantation) activity in Sprague–Dawley rats. The tested compounds were managed orally and exhibited noteworthy anti-implantation activity…

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects up to 10% of women in the reproductive age (1). PCOS is a proinflammatory state characterized by menstrual dysfunction and hyperandrogenism and is associated with features of the metabolic syndrome, particularly, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis (1– 4). The metabolic syndrome is associated with excessive accumulation of central body fat. Adipose tissue (AT) produces several cytokines termed adipokines, which have ISSN Print 0021-972X…

healthy way. We also have a pineal gland, pituitary gland, adrenal glands that sit on top of our kidneys and produce adrenaline, the “fight or flight” hormone. We also have melatonin for sleep-wake cycle. Thanks to serotonin, we have PMS. Estrogen, estradiol, testosterone, cortisol to thank for storing fat in our abdomen when we are under stress. The glucagon, and insulin to control our sugar. Pregnant women will make oxytocin that is critical during pregnancy. Thank goodness I already had…

Bariatric surgery produces substantial durable weight loss and patients who undergo Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and adjustable gastric banding (AGB) procedures lose 62% and 47% of excess weight, respectively [1]. Bariatric treatment of obesity also attenuates or resolves comorbidities including diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and obstructive sleep apnea in greater than 60% of patients [2]. Despite significant improvement in weight and comorbid conditions, there is growing concern…

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is elevated in almost one hundred percent of the cases. Elevated levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and low to normal total testosterone levels may also be present. Other diagnostic tests that can be ordered are estradiol, prolactin, (thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), fasting blood sugar, and total cholesterol. A complete blood count and bone scan may be ordered to check for anemia and osteoporosis that are also findings of KS (Nieschlag, 2013). Ultrasound is…

In mammals, longitudinal bone growth occurs at the growth plate by endochondral bone formation. The growth plate consists of three principal zones: resting, proliferative, and hypertrophic. The resting zone lies adjacent to the epiphyseal bone and contains infrequently dividing chondrocytes. The proliferative zone contains replicating chondrocytes arranged in columns parallel to the long axis of the bone. The proliferative chondrocytes located farthest from the resting zone stop replicating and…

Endometriosis is a condition where the endometrial tissue outside the uterus causes pelvic pain and the tissue that lines the uterus grows outside of it. Females are associated with this conditioned because of the inner lining of the uterus is being affected. “Endometriosis is mostly common with women in their 30’s and 40’s; it affects about 5 million American women”, claimed the Women’s Health, U.S Department of Health and Human Services. It can be theorized that endometriosis is a genetic…

In the video Managing Menopause, by Kathryn Macaulay, M.D. she explains what Menopause is, the causes, symptoms as well treatment that is offered to the women who are going through this stage in life. The video opens with explaining that menopause is not a disease, but in fact is a natural process women will experience in their later adulthood. Menopause as defined by Macaulay is “the permanent cessation of menses for 12 consecutive months,” usually this natural process can begin around the age…