Escherichia coli O121

many types of food they consume. Meat Inspection Act in 1906 followed by the Pure Food and Drug Act would also be passed for the same reason as the Pure Food and Drug Act. But recently, major foodborne outbreaks would happen such as salmonella, E. coli, and listeria. These outbreaks have tripled in the United States in the past twenty years (Newsela). All these foodborne outbreaks would be included in poultry, vegetables, fruits, and beef (Newsela). A incident that happened would…

LO 2.1 I understand that free energy, the portion of a biological system’s that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, is used in systems to cause change. I also understand that empirical data proves all organisms require a constant energy output to maintain organization, to grow, and to reproduce. (Campbell 119-123) LO 2.2 I understand that although free energy is always required in living systems in order to maintain organization, to grow, and to…

Introduction The human body is populated by a large aggregate of microbes on the skin as well as many mucosal surfaces. They are composed of mainly bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. These commensal microorganisms live in the human body in symbiosis. Microbiota play a functional role in the health and disease of an individual. Roughly there are around 1012 bacteria found on the skin, primarily staphylococci and corynebacteria, and 1010 found in the mouth, primarily, streptococci, lactobacilli.1 But…

suffering from kidney failure. A urinary tract infection is caused by organisms/microbes including bacteria, fungi, and viruses that affect the urethra and could spread to the bladder and kidneys. The majority of UTIs are caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli (E-coli), most live in the bowel and others like Chlamydia that affect the reproductive system. There are…

Deinococcus radiodurans (D. radiodurans) was discovered in 1956 by Arthur W. Anderson at the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station in Corvallis, Oregon. There was an experiment to determine if processed foods can be sanitized by using great amount of gamma radiation. A can of meat was revealed that radiation, which was believed to destroy all known types of lifestyle, has been damaged and D. radiodurans was separated. D. radiodurans is known for its radiation-resistant qualities. Being that it…

Microbiology Conjunction Conjugation is the course by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct interaction. It can be defined as the direct transfer of DNA form one bacterial cell to another bacterial cell. The donor is F+ and the recipient is F-. they are attached through a conjugal bridge. The pilus then attractions the two separate bacteria together. Now, the donor bacterium transfers genetic material to the recipient bacterium. During the process of…

The Effectiveness of Bacteria Killing Agents Bacteria are everywhere, you may not be able to see it, but it is present. Many different bacteria killing agents exist. For example, there are antibiotics, which can be helpful, but harmful, and are usually prescribed by doctors. Some people also use essential oils whish are safer and healthier. Bacteria can be good and bad. Good bacteria help to keep you healthy. The bad bacteria can make you sick. Poor diets and constipation can lead to bad…

The encounter of pathogens throughout human evolution and periods of migration results in an unfavorable relationship between the two species. As Karlsson, Kwiatkowski, and Sabeti write in their article, Natural Selection and Infectious Disease in Human Populations, it is known that the ancient relationship impacts pathogenic tendencies within humans today. In the article, the authors visit the genetics of various infectious and dangerous diseases, as well as common and less threatening diseases…

Sowbug Experiment Introduction A sowbug is an isopod that belongs to the Classic Crustacea family. They live in damp, wet, dark environments and are commonly nocturnal. They are mostly found under rocks, rotting tree bark, or logs in moist, dark areas outside. Through the observational study I observed that the sowbugs most often moved towards the edges and buried themselves, they moved quickly, and they mostly stayed and/or ended up on the damp-dark soil rather than the dry-light sand. Based…

How Does Bacteria Gain Antibiotic Resistance? Antibiotic resistance can only occur when the bacteria changes in some way that reduces the effectiveness of drugs or chemicals designed to cure or prevent infections from further expanding in the body. With resistance, that’s exactly what these forms of bacteria are doing, multiplying and spreading or infecting others. The bacteria’s main goal is to survive and multiply in the environment they were introduced to so introducing an antibiotic will…