Erythropoietin

Cultural Competency The health care system may be unique in being a true melting pot of cultures, ethnicities and races. No matter ones background, health care and maintenance is a necessity of life. The cultural landscape of America is a constantly changing one. It is project that by the year 2045 that non-Hispanic Caucasians will represent less than 50% of the U.S. population for the first time (Alba, 2015). However this estimate may actually be inaccurate because of the numerous American…

pharmaceutical products or illegal drugs that are used by sports people to gain a competitive advantage over those who do not use them. Performance enhancing drugs commonly used include anabolic androgenic steroids, testosterone, human growth hormone, erythropoietin and other androgens (Grace & Baker, 2012). These drugs for example anabolic androgenic steroids imitate the activity of natural testosterone and lead to fast rate protein production by muscle cells and thus achieving bigger muscles…

Many professional athletes are professionals because they are better than the average man, but what happens when that athlete wants to be better themselves beyond their natural capability? The athlete that wants to better themself has two choices; train everyday with everything they have, or turn to steroids. Many questions are still around as to why certain substances are considered steroids and why some are not. Steroids come in many forms like pills, injections and now many people consider…

Chapter One Introduction 1.1. Introduction: Determining the nutritional status accurately in hemodialysis (HD) patients is one of the most difficult problems; because it depends on indirect methods as well as the accuracy of some nutritional markers are questionable (Chumlea, 2004). Patients with end-stage renal disease often experience malnutrition as a result of decreased dietary intake; inadequate dialysis; loss of nutrients into the dialysate; abnormal protein, carbohydrate, and lipid…

Functions of the Kidneys The kidneys assist in the internal regulation of the body by performing the following function- * Filtration - The kidneys remove the end products of metabolism and substances that have accumulated in the blood in undesirable amounts during the filtration process. Substances removed from the blood include urea, creatinine, uric acid and urates. Undesirable amounts of chloride, potassium, sodium, and hydrogen ions are also filtered from the blood. The glomerular…

Drugs has been used in medical field to cure, diagnose, treat and prevent disease but athletes should be alert because certain drugs or performance - enhancing drugs (PED) may contains an illegal substance that had been ban by World-Anti Doping Agency (WADA). Pressure faced by the athletes to perform better than others lead them to use drugs in order to enhance their performance. WADA had published an annual List of Prohibited Substance and Method (list) including the substances and methods…

In professional sport, the past 15 years have been corrupted by our athlete's use of performance enhancing drugs or also known as doping. The competition has become so severe that it is now more common for athletes to ingest PED's in order to gain an advantage over their competitors without worrying about the effect the drug could possible have on the body of their body or the influence it has on younger generations. Steroids, the most prevalent used performance-enhancing drug, are an artificial…

According to Schouten et al (2008), sepsis involves the activation of the coagulation cascade coupled with down-regulation of anticoagulation and fibrinolysis. An intricate link between inflammation and coagulation exists within the body (Neligan, 2006). When a pathogen is present in the bloodstream or when tissue injury occurs, an inflammatory response occurs. The response causes a stimulation of the immune system to produce interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis…