Equilibrium chemistry

The Michaelis constant, Km, is the amount of substrate needed for the enzyme to obtain half of its maximum rate of reaction. (Oregon 2015) It reveals the enzymes affinity for the substrate and shows the magnitude of the enzymes affect on changing the rate of the reaction. For example, an enzyme with a high Km needs a large concentration of substrate to efficiently increase the rate of the reaction. (Oregon 2015) A low Km indicates that the enzyme will increase the rate of reaction with a small…

A small burette funnel was filled with column packing solvent at mobile phase, high boiling petroleum, in this case hexane (and then 10%acetone hexane mixture), and Alumina as stationary phase. When adding the sand and the alumina they have to be first mixed with the hexanes in order not to disturb the column. The Lycopene is Red- Orange and more attracted to alumina due to its high degree of Unsaturation, which can be expected to be eluted after Yellow-Orange Carotene pigments. And the other…

Introduction An enzyme is a protein that functions as a catalyst, it speeds up chemical reactions (Freeman et al. 2017 p. 90). Enzymes are often large globular proteins and are able to hold substrates in specific orientations so they are able to react, the location where the substrate binds with the enzyme and reacts is called the active site and is the location where the catalysis occurs (Freeman et al. 2017). Enzymes activity is often related to the optimal environment for them in respect to…

Enzymes are protein molecules that occur in all living things on earth and enable chemical reactions. Enzymes not only provide an alternate pathway for a chemical reaction, with a lower activation energy, they also bring substrates together in an optimal orientation, thereby speeding up the rate of reaction (Slide Share 2016). In an enzyme catalyzed reaction, the substrate (reactant) binds to the active site and forms and intermediate substance known as the enzyme-substrate complex with the…

capability to form inclusion complexes with the guest molecules i.e. poorly water soluble drugs. The formed inclusion complex shows significant changes physicochemical properties of drugs with respect to its solubility and dissolution rate. 2.1.2. Chemistry of cyclodextrins Structural features Three major CDs are crystalline, homogeneous, non-hygroscopic substances, which are torus-like macro-rings built up from glucopyranose units. The a-cyclodextrin (Schardinger’s a-dextrin,…

not absorb nearly as much water as deionized water. The high concentration of natural ions (i.e. sodium, calcium, etc.) within the tap water, means that less sodium ions can be displaced from sodium polyacrylate, resulting in an isotonic (osmotic equilibrium) solution much faster (France). In addition to its ability to absorb water, sodium polyacrylate can form cross-linked bonds with itself (Superabsorbent Polymers). This has resulted in many chemists even referring to it as a “network…

How the changing mass of solute effects the heat given out when dissolved in water Aim To investigate how the changing mass of a solute will affect the energy given out. Introduction Dissolving is when a solute is mixed into a solvent to form a solution. Dissolving can be either endothermic or exothermic. Endothermic reactions happen when the energy given out when bonds are broken, is greater than the energy given out when bonds are made. As more energy is used and taken in, the surroundings…

The purpose of this experiment is to observe the difference between ionic and molecular compounds using conductivity as a means of analysis. This lab will allow us to organize compounds based on the magnitude of their conductivity. This will allow us to determine whether or not a compound is molecular or ionic based on its conductivity. This lab also will determine the effect of concentration on conductivity of certain electrolytes, as well as the number of ions. We also will examine the effect…

dangerous situations, even though they are not proven to increase our probability of a specified event. George Gmelch and Richard Felsen released an article pertaining this subject. The article, entitled “Can a Lucky Charm Get You Through Organic Chemistry”, gave the general public a somewhat easy-to-read article, which provided an experimental result about how many people believe in magic and what they believe about it. By analyzing the article, it can be seen that the experiment covered…

THE EFFECTS OF OSMOSIS INTRODUCTION Osmosis is the process where molecules of a solvent are prone to pass through a semi-permeable membrane, going from a less concentrated solution to a higher concentrated solution. Doing this equalizes the concentrations on both sides of the membrane. Our question throughout the experiment was; What effects do the different concentrations of sucrose have on the rate of osmosis? The hypothesis was; If the solute concentrations do effect the rate of osmosis,…