Equilibrium chemistry

The purpose of this lab is to solve for the equilibrium constant of a reaction between iron (iii) ions and thiocyanate ions. The lab is divided into two parts: one section recording absorbance of reference solutions and the other part for the absorbance of test solutions. The reference solutions were created through the mixing of excess iron (iii) nitrate (Fe(NO3)3) with a known concentration of potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) in order to push the reaction to completion; the initial concentration…

q= 3∫_0^R▒(q_i r^2 dr)/R^3 (2) The adsorption isotherm is used to relate the concentration qs and Cs. The equilibrium adsorption at external surface (qs) is studied using two-parameter Langmuir isotherm. q_s= (Q_m K_L C_s)/(1+K_L C_s ) (3)…

Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), universally referred to as lime water or slaked lime is formed by reacting hydrated lime (calcium oxide, CaO) with water (H2O)[1] CaO (s) + H2O (l) ⇌ Ca(OH)2 (aq) (ΔHr = −63.7 kJ/mol of CaO) Calcium hydroxide is an economically favorable alkaline reagent to neutralize acid as it yields 2 moles of (OH)2 for every 1 mole of Ca(OH)2 (which is slightly soluble in water) when compared to sodium hydroxide [1] and it may separate from the solution ‘constant agitation must…

of how this relates to the biological studies of biology and to the advantage of humans. Hydrochloric acid combined with water will not a make good buffer system. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid that will not coexist with any other base in equilibrium. When hydrochloric acid drops…

acetate (CH3COOET). When ethyl acetate is treated with strong base like –OET and then the reactants are refluxed then they produces a β-keto ester via several steps. In this case also the last step is most important because it helps to drive the equilibrium of every step in the forward direction. For undergoing this reaction an ester has to have at least two α-hydrogens. If it has not then Ph3C- has to be used as base at the first stage. The mechanism is given below.  Reactions of Carboxylic…

Abstract In this study equilibrium isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics of ciprofloxacin on seven sediments in a batch sorption process were examined. The effects of contact time, initial ciprofloxacin concentration, temperature and ionic strength on the sorption process were studied. The Kd parameter from Linear sorption model was determined by linear regression analysis, while the Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) sorption models were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms by…

This investigation’s aim was to observe the organic displacement clock reaction and see how different properties - such as concentration and temperature - affect the reaction rate. This was to enhance understanding and gain knowledge of how certain properties affect reaction mechanisms and activation energies, and how acid-base equilibria behaves. The data generally supported the hypothesis. It can be clearly seen that higher molarities of t-BuCl gave faster reaction rates, and it is an even…

solution with hydrochloric acid. Acidification of the solution shifts the equilibrium to the left and precipitates the insoluble carboxylic acid. Synthesis of benzoic acid Benzoic acid is produced extensively and on a large scale by partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen at moderate temperature and pressure in the presence of a catalyst. Most industrial processes uses catalysis - one of the principles of green chemistry . The process uses cheap raw materials and delivers a high…

Discussion For the first part of the experiment, a solubility test was conducted on all compounds. Because they were all ionic, every known compound naturally dissolved in water, and conducted electricity. As the next determining factor in the process to identify the unknown substance, the compounds were tested in acetone. As seen in table 2, only one compound, Ca(NO3)2 was found to be soluble in this solvent. Because the unknown solid was insoluble in acetone, Ca(NO3)2 was then eliminated as a…

Introduction Enzymes are catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being used up in the process. Enzymes are able to do this by bringing two substrates together and having them bind to the enzyme itself. This allows the enzyme to lower the activation energy required to start the chemical reaction by forcing the substrates into an unstable transition state. In order to make sure the substrates fit, enzymes are able to mold their half-moon shape to fit around the substrates.…