Equilibrium chemistry

above-mentioned changes has been done by John Nash and his followers who developed the concept of Game Theory and Nash Equilibrium in particular. For the purpose of this essay, the Game Theory would be defined as “study of decision-making where several players must make choices that potentially affect the interests of the other players” (Turocy and Stengel, 2001). The Nash’s equilibrium would be referred as ‘the combination…

time. The authority can control the travel time for the whole network by responding advance in an optimal way to the drivers’ selfishness. In this study, the game theory concepts are incorporated into the system optimal (for authority) and user equilibrium (drivers). Bjørnskau and Elvik (1992) admits that game theory provide better insights than traditional choice theory, in their study of traffic law enforcement and driver behaviour.…

solely look out for their best interests or to cooperate with the other party. The scenario mostly described when dealing with the prisoner’s dilemma is two criminals who have been arrested for the same crime and are being questioned by police (Nash Equilibrium, n.d.). Each criminal is offered a lighter sentence if he testifies against the other. Their other choice is to remain silent. If the first criminal gives up the second one, the he is free to go and the second one will have a ten-year…

Potato Bubbles Introduction Our driving question for this lab was “How do changes in temperature and pH levels affect enzyme activity?” Throughout the duration of this lab, we explored enzymes and how environmental factors like pH and temperature affected enzyme activity. Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions. For this particular experiment, we studied the enzyme catalase, which is found in potatoes. Catalase reacts with hydrogen peroxide to break it down into its water and…

concentration of hydronium ions in a solution, which is determined by the salt solution itself and its reactions with water. Just as in ammonium chloride, the solution has two possibly reactive ions with water and must evaluate and compare the equilibrium constants to determine the effect of the pH of the…

few years later that a solution was proposed as to how rationale players would interact. John Nash proposed that players would adjusted their strategies until no player could benefit from changing and reach what has been coined the “Nash Equilibrium.” The equilibrium will leave the players at their best possible response to all other players responses (Camerer, 2003; University…

when playing the game repeatedly, cooperation is improbable in the Prisoner’s Dilemma due to backwards inductive reasoning. The Stag Hunt Game, on the other hand, allows cooperation to be far more stable because when both players cooperate, a Nash equilibrium occurs, so neither player would do better by changing their strategy. Thus, there would be no logic in withdrawing cooperation in the Stag Hunt Game, as this would only serve to harm both players. The Prisoner’s Dilemma proves to provide a…

shows a tendency to move towards the predicted level. In the case of R = ∞ (perfect discrimination), the level of dissipation fluctuated around the predicted dissipation level. Further, the average earnings were significantly closer to the Nash equilibrium under perfect discrimination. Thus, the authors concluded that the rent-seeking model has predictive power. In both cases, rent dissipation is observed and is in line with the theoretical predictions. The experiment also revealed three types…

Reactions: Chemical reactions involving aqueous species and mineral species are heterogeneous and slower compared to aqueous species reactions, thus modeled as rate dependent chemical reactions. This means that when mineral species (N_m ) are not is equilibrium with the aqueous species, the minerals can either dissolve or precipitate. As shown in equation R11 of an example of calcite dissolution/precipitation, a mineral species (Calcite) is involved in a reaction with only aqueous species…

Abstract: In this lab, three variables were tested to discover their effect on the enzyme catalase, taken from a cut and blended potato. The blended potato mixture was strained and put into a centrifuge, the liquid that was in the centrifuge contained the enzyme and remained on ice. The enzyme was placed in test tubes that had varying levels of pH buffers, substrate concentrations and temperatures; the pH, substrate concentration and temperature were the three variables. The data showed that…