Epithelium

of commensal microbiota (Figure 1). Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota also weakens the barrier controlled by tight junctions, desmosomes, and adherence jynctions in-between epithelial cells. Weakening the barrier increases the permeability of the epithelium which in turn allows for the passage of more…

is enclosed by an epithelial cell layer which contains small projections called papillae. Some regions of the papillae are specifically devoted to the detection of taste molecules and are called taste papillae or taste epithelium. The rest of the epithelium is non-gustatory epithelium covered with the fourth type of papillae, called filiform papillae. Filiform papillae are most numerous in number but do not contain any taste buds. They are pyramidal in shape and contain a narrow tail of…

Liquid-based Cytology (LBC): Automation of LBC and an Appraisal of the UK National Cervical Screening Programme. Introduction The study of cells’ structure, morphology and arrangement to determine the cause, pathophysiology or type of disease is known as cytopathology. Cervical screening is a common diagnostic gynaecological service that is used to help diagnose it. Cervical Cancer is “the third leading cause of cancer in women worldwide” (Freitas et al, 2012, p. 305). The Human Papilloma Virus…

derived. (Whited & Tabin 2009). For instance, Aguilar et al (2015) suggests that the formation of the blastema is dependent on nerve signaling that recruits undifferentiated mesenchymal cells that interact with wound epithelium that induce keratinocytes to form the apical epithelium cap (AEC). Signaling from the cap is required for dedifferentiation cells in the limb stump, leading to the formation of the blastema. These cells then multiply and dedifferentiate to form the missing parts of the…

Four layers compose the esophagus including the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis propria, and adventitia. The mucosa, the innermost layer, is composed of three sub-layers, the epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa. Esophageal cancers typically begin in the epithelium of the mucosa, where squamous cells are located. Blood vessels and nerves of the esophagus are found under the mucosa, in the submucosa. The muscularis propria is composed of muscles and allows the esophagus…

continuous dosing. The 20-mg twice per day dose exerts its therapeutic effect by enzyme, cytokine, and osteoclast inhibition, rather than by any antibiotic effect. The use of systemic host modulatory therapy may not only improve the patient’s periodontal condition but also provide systemic benefits for other inflammatory disorders with related tissue destruction, such as arthritis, cardiovascular disease, dermatologic conditions, diabetes and osteoporosis. SDD is indicated in the management of…

ingivitis is one of the periodontal disease that is characterized by the changes in color, consistency, and contour of the gingiva tissues. The reasons for these changes might be due to the presence of plaque, and in this case it can be modified by systemic diseases (diabetes) , the use of certain medications (anticonvulsant, immunosuppressant, calcium channel blocking agents), and malnutrition (lack of vitamin C). In case it is not induced by the accumulation of plaque, it might be caused by…

and the immunological barrier is attained through epithelial cell recognition of bacteria and swift signaling to recruit phagocytes and clear the infection. A central component in regulating the immunological and physical barriers of the airway epithelium is Ca2+. The participation of Ca2+ as a second messenger is vital to numerous physiological processes The common respiratory bacterial pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, activate 100 nM Ca2+ fluxes immediately upon…

The classification of periapical lesions of endodontic origin and clinical evaluation of the aetiology and pathogenesis of their development There are various literatures that classify periapical lesions. Often these have been based on histological findings and so the resulting classifications having minor differences in terminology. This could easily lead to confusion between clinicians and subsequently incorrect diagnosis. The correct diagnosis of any disease is the foundation to the…

nutrition, immune function and microbiome. The maintenance of gut health is a complex phenomenon and relies on a delicate balance between the diet, commensal microflora and mucosa, including the digestive epithelium and the mucosa, including the digestive epithelium and the mucus overlying the epithelium (Lindberg,…