Epithelium

5.3 Responses to probiotic bacteria and microbiota Pathogenic bacteria are not the only bacteria that elicit immune responses in the intestine as probiotic bacteria have also been tested as a food supplement to improve fish health. Few studies have evaluated the impact and regulation of Igs after probiotic administration. Most of these studies showed an increase in IgM secretion and/or expression after probiotic administration (Picchietti et al., 2007; Sun et al., 2010). However, a…

Robert A. Heinlein, a well-respected and notable science fiction short-story novelist, once said, “Everything is theoretically impossible, until it is done” (Robert). Many scientists have lived by this quote. Since the end of the 20th century, science has increased tremendously. From taking a man to the moon, to finding cures for detrimental diseases, scientists and their inventions have proven that human beings can do anything they set their minds to achieving. A new and highly talked about…

Planaria Regeneration and Development Lab 5 Name: Dominic Siaw TA: Marian Wahl Date Performed: 3/31/15 Date Submitted: 4/14/15 Abstract The purposes of this experiment are to become familiar with the anatomy and behavior of Planaria and make a design to test which aspect of diffusion gradient model which will cause development. The body parts of planaria was observed under a microscope. The flatworms were cut into 3 parts equally based on the gradient…

ENG 380T – Literature and Medicine Nicole Radova The Bionic Eye: A Collaborative Vision “Seeing is believing” – an idiom commonly uttered and heard in today’s Western world. Sight has been deemed the superior sense in our society since its association with knowledge acquisition in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (Classen 1997, 402), which the Scientific Revolution directly preceded. Yet available to us are four other senses, which itself is not an ultimate truth as the very concept…

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) is a rare systemic condition that affects renal functioning and can develop into a life threatening disease with lasting complications. HUS is characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (destruction of red blood cells due to damage of small blood vessels), thrombocytopenia (an abnormal drop in platelet count) and impaired renal function (Nayer, A. & Asif, A., 2013). HUS can often onset after an infection of Escherichia coli which is a Shiga toxin-producing…

Cystic fibrosis is a disease that has no cure and affects approximately 30,000 children in the United States. The life expectancy of patients with cystic fibrosis has increased over the past 50 years dramatically. Advancements in medications and therapies have allowed patients a longer and more productive life. Genetic research, pharmaceutical technology, and therapy advancements have been the forefront in increasing patient age. The drug Ivacaftor is helping some patients by treating the…

Unique microorganisms reside on and within tissues and body fluids of mammals, and are known as the commensal microbiota. It is estimated that the human body contains 3x1013 eukaryotic cells and 4x1013 bacteria (1). By early adulthood host cells are outnumbered by microbial species by 100 fold (2). These microbes are far from neutral bystanders, and are suspected to influence the developing immune system in responses from cytokine balance, to lymphocyte responses, to antibody induction (3). In…

1. Introduction This illustrated report will be concentrating on the digestive system and the detail of digestion, including mechanical and chemical digestion, extracellular and intracellular digestion. It will highlight how enzymes work within the digestive system, which ones and where they are produced. It will show the importance of metabolism and its two categories anabolism and catabolism, there will also be an illustration of how nutrients are processed during anabolism and catabolism. It…

Formaldehyde, the most simple’s aldehyde, is a widely used agent, abundant in the environment and naturally made in organisms, is a well know carcinogenic to many organisms. The US National Toxicology Program composed of US agencies like NIH, the FDA, and the CDC have grouped formaldehyde as an agent “known to be carcinogenic” (CDC, 2014). The mechanisms by which formaldehyde produces its carcinogenic affects and the mechanism by which the cell repairs these aberrations inflicted on DNA is not…

Chlamydia is a pathogen classified as bacteria, and it is an obligated intracellular organism it is lacks of mitochondria, so it does not produce its own energy and depends completely on the host’s cell metabolism (Oligosaccharide that mediated chlamydial infection is identified, 1997). Chlamydia can affect both men and women. Usually, people infected with this germ do not show evidence of symptoms or if they do, they would be mild, and sometimes when complications associated with the disease…