Epithelium

vena cava The Ureters • 2 long slender tubes 25-35cms long that extends from the renal pelvis to pelvic cavity where they enter the bladder and propels urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder • Has smooth muscles and transitional epithelium and a uterovesical valve that prevents backflow of urine into ureters • Has innervations from the sympathetic and parasympathetic The Urinary…

INTRODUCTION Microbes are those microscopic organisms that can cause diseases in the human body. These microbes migrate with locomotive organelles called FLAGELLA, a very vigorous nanomotor that is highly conserved across bacterial species. Flagella allow the microbes to move towards favourable environments. Further studies on flagella has revealed that it not only serves the purpose of locomotion but also plays a very crucial role in bacterial pathogenicity(14). A flagella has mainly three…

Many bacterias are present without us realizing it. Bacteria that are present and ready to reproduce can cause problems in our daily lives at any rate. Mascara users are at risk from contaminants that may exist within their mascara wands or tube of mascara. Without proper care, bacterias will grow within the walls of the tube and cause many issues to users in the long run due to reapplying the product on a daily basis. “That mascara wand can do more than just make your lashes longer; it can…

Historically, oats were not allowed to be consuming while on a gluten free diet for a patient with celiac disease. Still, to this day the question on whether or not they are truly gluten free is still floating around. This has been a debate for those who have celiac disease because a person with this disease may not consume gluten. Celiac Disease is an inflammatory disease that destroys the lining of the small intestines and prevents the absorption of nutrients and vitamins into the system. The…

Synovial cysts arising from the intraspinal facet joint can directly cause thecal sac or nerve root compression. They are increasingly cited as a major source of spinal instability and mechanical back pain. In this case, we report a 51-year-old woman who has been treated conservatively for a unilateral synovial cyst for 15 months. She then presented with an acute exacerbation of lower back pain, neurogenic claudication and lower extremity weakness. Her magnetic resonance (MR) studies showed new…

about four million bacterial genes with more than 95% located in the large intestine (Galland, 2014). The gastrointestinal microbiota varies along the tract at longitudinal levels and horizontal levels due to particular bacteria attaching to the epithelium in the lumen (Todar, 2012). With DNA sequencing and metagenomic studies becoming increasingly popular, the concept of identifying bacterial colonies throughout the gastrointestinal tract is rising in interest (Marteau et al., 2001). Both the…

Using Gene Therapy as a treatment for Cystic Fibrosis Introduction: Gene therapy is a treatment which deals with a problem at its source, unlike other forms of treatment which merely eliminate the symptoms. Cystic Fibrosis (being a single gene disorder) should, theoretically, be one of the simpler diseases to cure using this method. In this paper Gene Therapy, in relation to the treatment of Cystic Fibrosis, will be discussed, along with its effectiveness and limitations. The process of Gene…

STEM CELLS Stem cells are very homogenous due to the fact that they are of the same family type or lineage characteristically speaking. They are differentiated from other cells by two features. The first feature is that they are able to divide by cell division and the second feature is that under specific experimental conditions they can be directed to become tissue cells with certain functions. Stem cells are able to transform or regenerate themselves growing into the body’s approximately 200…

Introduction Primary renal tumors account for approximately 2% of all canine cancers.11 Tissues of origin include the renal epithelium, renal mesenchyme or embryonal tissue of mixed origin.1 Roughly 10% of primary renal tumors originate from embryonal pluripotential blastema, which include Wilms’ tumor, nephroblastoma, and embryonal nephroma.11 The majority of diagnosed renal tumors occur in older dogs; however, nephroblastoma is unique in that it is seen in juveniles. The mean age for…

stimulate the thirst center in the hypothalamus; leads to reduced saliva production, resulting in dryness of the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx (Tortora & Grabowski, 1996). As the vocal folds also comprise of mucosa, which is broadly separated into the epithelium…