Epithelium

FPV is in the family Parvoviridae, which contains 26 species of virus that infect a broad host range, covering species from invertebrates to humans. Parvoviruses are small single stranded DNA viruses enveloped by a T=1 non-enveloped capsid protein. Replication of these viruses can only occur when the host cell is in S-phase of its mitotic cycle (15). FPV has a very small linear genome that is only 5 kilobases in length (4). The virus’s genome has specific sequences, similar to a TATA boxes, that…

Chronic lymphocytic Leukemia A common type of leukemia that is slow growing and affects developing B cells that form antibodies, rendering them un-functional (O'Brien & Gribben 2008, pp.1-2). The defining factors of this leukemia is its ability to be asymptomatic for a long duration of time and to be commonly found amongst aged populations and not noticed in its early stages (Malek 2013, p.2). This cancer is found in the bone marrow produces in excess lymphocytes which can be best described as…

Normandy France Normandy France is a land full of excitement and history. When most people hear about Normandy they think about D-day and the invasion of it. That is a big part of its history and the future. However there is more to Normandy France than what most people think of. Medical advancements can be seen here. They had to find ways to keep the horses from dying from a virus. Normandy’s laws and their friendship with England has changed over the years. They used to share some of the same…

Animal Testing Animal testing is a controversial issue that has been occurring in the United States for many years. Over 100 million animals are used for every year for chemical, drug, food, and cosmetic testing. These animals are kept in poor living conditions and experience pain and suffering. Animal testing is wrong and unethical and alternative methods exist that could help prevent this testing. The way animal testing is exercised in America today is inhumane. Everyday hundreds of…

health initiatives. There has been a remarkable decline in the incidences of cervical cancer following its introduction in 1988 (Peto et al, 2004). It was created as a tool which allowed detection of precancerous abnormalities within the squamous epithelium of the cervix (Cooper, 2011). The sample is usually taken by a nurse at a GP practice and then sent to a laboratory for testing (Jo’s Trust, 2016). More recently, in some laboratories, screening for Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is performed…

Barrett’s esophagus is a complication in the esophagus from a reflux disease predisposing patients to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Esophageal adenocarcinoma is a tumor in the esophagus that has increased up more than 7-fold over the past few decades. Since there has been such a significant increase in esophageal adenocarcinoma, the topic of endoscopic screening and surveillance for GERD and Barrett’s esophagus is being heavily debated. Barrett’s esophagus is a result of chronic gastro-esophageal…

Background Hidradenitis Suppurativa is a genetic condition that causes lumps under the skin, acne-like pustules, and deep scarring. (1) With time, the lumps will rupture, causing pus, and fluid to drain from these. (3) This condition tends to appear in teens and in early adulthood. These lumps and acne-like pustules tend to appear in the armpit, groin, nape of the neck, waist, inner thighs, and buttocks. (3)It is a rare condition, with the rarest of presentations of the lumps are in the area…

1 Hypothalamus – a small region of the brain that is a major link between the nervous and endocrine system. The hypothalamus controls the autonomic nervous system and regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, fear, rage, and sexual behavior. The hypothalamus control feeling such as pain, stress, and emotional experiences. (1) 2 Pituitary gland – the “master endocrine gland” because it secretes many hormones that control other endocrine glands. It is a “pea-shaped structure that attaches to…

Albinism in humans is a congenital disorder characterized by the complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes due to absence or defect of tyrosinase, a copper-containing enzyme involved in the production of melanin. It is the opposite of melanism. Unlike humans, other animals have multiple pigments and for these, albinism is considered to be a hereditary condition characterised by the absence of melanin in particular, in the eyes, skin, hair, scales, feathers or cuticle.…

abbreviation “IK” for many ophthalmologists, is an inflammation of the cornea. “Keratitis” is the term for inflammation of the cornea, while “interstitial” refers to the area between cells. In this case, it refers to the stroma—the area between the epithelium and endothelium of the cornea. Other names include “nonulcerative keratitis”, which describes the inflammation as not breaking through the epithelial layer of the cornea via sores, “syphilitic keratitis,” termed because syphilis is the most…