Epinephrine

Discovery What we know today as “lidocaine” was discovered by two Swedish chemists, Nils Löfgren and Bengt Lundqvist, in 1942. Hans v. Euler was investigating genes and enzymes that were related to barley. He then isolated gramine, which was an indole. Erdtman then synthesized the isogramine and found that it had weak anesthetic properties. Then, Erdtman and Löfgren synthesized amino amides but nothing was better than the existing ester-type anesthetic. Some time later, Löfgren and Lundqvist…

an option of the “EpiPen” or the “Auvi-Q”. Unlike the Auvi-Q, a lower priced epinephrine auto injector; the EpiPen is a name brand product, made by the company Mylan, that has been known nation wide to help parents treat their children with life threatening allergies. After being dominant in the market for a large amount of time, 1977 the EpiPen is recognizable during an emergency situation for fast injection. Epinephrine in the form of an auto injector allows administration of the medication…

body. Glycogenolysis regulates hormonally blood sugar levels through glucagon and insulin. Epinephrine regulates glycogenolysis in the fight-or-flight response. Epinephrine can causes a rapid increase in blood glucose concentration. A majorly common disease having to do with epinephrine and blood glucose levels is hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia is abnormal high blood glucose/sugar levels. Increased epinephrine induced hyperglycemia has elevated levels of glucagon and cortisol in the body. This…

I was very excited to come to Spartanburg Surgery Center because I want to be an OR nurse. I started out in PACU and learned a lot about what they look for in patients who have just come out of surgery. The PACU nurse monitor their patient for an average of 30 minutes. During this time they take vital signs every 5 minutes, monitor the patient’s level of consciousness, their color, and any other adverse effect. Before the patient can leave PACU they must receive a score of at least 8 out of 10.…

Hypertension secondary to Pheochromocytoma Definition: Pheochromacytomas are neuroendocrine tumors of the adrenal medulla (and occasionally elsewhere) that can result in hypertension secondary to the hypersecretion of the catecholamines epinephrine and/or norepinephrine. This can be continuous or episodic and this release subsequently affects blood pressure by raising it as part of the body’s fight or flight response. According to our textbook (Fox, p. 339), Pheochromocytomas are rare…

When the heart rate is high during exercise the muscles are going to send a message through the nervous system to the medulla, after receiving the message it releases epinephrine and nor-epinephrine which are going to travel along the nervous system to reach the sinus node, which is the electrical system of heart. The node will trigger the heart's contractions. After the exercise is over the muscles will again send a message to medulla…

It is understood that trained individuals versus untrained individuals can better resist the changes seen in catabolic hormones in response to prolonged exercise. There are two catabolic hormones that I will analyze and they are cortisol and epinephrine. Cortisol levels are quite interesting over the course of exercise. In a study conducted by Institute of Exercise Biology found that there was an initial increase in cortisol levels during the first twenty to thirty minutes of exercise. After…

Anaphylaxis in Pets So you are wondering, what is anaphylaxis? Anaphylaxis is a rapid and severe allergic reaction due to exposure to allergens (substances that trigger allergies) that are hypersensitive to the body. Some of the common symptoms of this life threatening reaction include shortness of breath, abnormal swelling and vomiting, low blood pressure, swelling of throat and tongue, and itchy rashes. This does not only affect humans but also pets, more so in dogs. Trustingly, your query…

produces pharmaceuticals worldwide. The company produces EpiPens, an epinephrine autoinjector for people with life threatening allergies. Mylan recently raised the price of Epipens from $100 to $608.61 a pair (Bloomberg). Some would say that Mylan’s EpiPen is a virtual monopoly. Consumers and the community are crucial stakeholders in any company and Mylan is being unethical to both of them. They have complete control over the epinephrine industry. For people with life threatening…

The heart contains many adrenergic receptors which are responsive to epinephrine, especially near the SA node, which initiates the contractions of the heart. Epinephrine acts to increase the release time of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via a cascade of reactions. The fact that epinephrine had a positive impact on the heart indicates that the heart was healthy and responsive to normal physiological chemicals and pathways…