Epinephrine

2) DKA usually occurs as a consequence of absolute or relative insulin deficiency that is accompanied by an increase in counter-regulatory hormones (ie, glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone, epinephrine). This type of hormonal imbalance enhances hepatic gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and lipolysis. Hepatic gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis secondary to insulin deficiency, and counter-regulatory hormone excess result in severe hyperglycemia, while lipolysis increases serum free fatty acids.…

A smile expresses a feeling of joy, success, sensuality, affection and courtesy, and reveals self-confidence and kindness. The harmony of the smile is determined not only by the shape, position and the colour of the teeth but also by the gingival tissues1. Gummy smile is seen due to improper relation between gingival tissue and tooth, with gingival tissue in excess and tooth portion in a small amount. Excessive gingival display (EGD) commonly described as “gummy smile” is a frequent cause of…

Drugs are chemicals that affect the brain by tapping into its communication system and interfering with the way neurons normally send, receive, and process information. Some drugs, such as marijuana and heroin, can activate neurons because their chemical structure mimics that of a natural neurotransmitter. Drugs that enter the blood stream have faster and definitely more intense effects. The more directly the drug enters the bloodstream determines how fast and intense the drug will take effect.…

Caffeine continues to grow in consumption, even though there just is not enough data to justify its growing use. Are we promoting the use and addiction of the new “cocaine”? 85% of American consume at least one drink containing caffeine (Mitchell, D. C., & Knight, C. A. 2014, January). Some of the drinks where we find caffeine is alarming. Caffeine is added to fruit juice, flavored water, sports drinks, to name a few. Sources used included the USDA Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies…

futile. Moreover, patients with hypotension unresponsive to the initial fluid challenge (i.e. septic shock) should receive additional cardiovascular support in the form of vasopressors (i.e. Norepinephrine as first choice vasopressor followed by Epinephrine) to maintain a MAP of 65mm Hg or…

documented in patients with blunt trauma.[] [] Indeed, with the electrocardiogram and CK-MB as screening tests, the detection of myocardial contusion has increased from the detection of myocardial contusion has increased from 7 to 17 percent in patients with blunt chest trauma. However, false-positive elevations of the CK-MB isoenzyme can also be seen if the total CK is greater than 20,000 unites; this can occur after massive body injury.[][] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Categorization of…

Based on Trevor’s symptomology, he is currently experiencing neuroleptic malignant syndrome that is an adverse reaction to anti-psychotic medications and anti-depressant medications (Benzer, 256). Trevor is currently unconscious thus; describing an adverse reaction to the medications he currently has taken copious amounts of (Benzer, 256). From a pathophysiological standpoint, there is a decreased amount of dopamine receptors, due to an initial blockade, and a decreased performance from the…

Over the last ten years there has been a rapid shift in society, technology, responsibilities and expectations that cause physiological imbalances and stress in individuals, especially those who are pre disposed. Stress triggers from society can create addiction epidemics such as the abuse of painkiller medication. Stress caused by pain has lead to the over prescription of opioid’s which are usually prescribed for managing chronic pain. Long-term affects of opioids on the metabolism and…

Hypertension or otherwise known as High blood pressure is defined as a high force of blood pushing on the walls of the arteries during the flow of blood. Blood pressure is measured as the heart pumps and as the heart fills and rests in between heartbeats. This is called systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. They are both measured in milliliters of mercury. Those with a systolic pressure of over 120 and a diastolic pressure of above 80 are clinically defined as having prehypertension and…

reproductions or our emotions. These hormones are produced in the adrenal glands, which is located at the top of each kidney. The adrenal glands has an outer part known as the cortex and an inner part known as the medulla. Adrenal glands produce epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, that is created during the time of stress that in response will raise blood flow and pulse rate. The outside of the adrenal glands, known as the cortex creates two critical hormones, aldosterone, and cortisol. The…