Enzyme

Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate of a reaction by reducing the activation energy required for a reaction. Many enzymes are proteins but not all are; enzymes possess high levels of substrate specificity which they bind to through their active sites. Enzymes display optimal activity at a certain pH level and temperature. Temperature and pH level have drastic effects on enzyme activity; the enzyme will denature if the pH or temperature has changed from its optimal level.…

because an increased enzyme presence allows the substrate to rapidly change into a product providing all other factors such as substrate concentration, pH, ionic concentration, and temperature remain unchanged or fixed. ("What Is the Effect of Substrate Concentration on Enzyme Activity?", 2016) PART B. Hypothesis: Influence of Substrate Concentrate on Catalase Activity It was hypothesized that if different diluted concentrations of hydrogen peroxide would relate to the rate of the enzyme…

successive steps of proteolytic cleavage by enzyme called TNF-a converting enzyme (TACE) to its mature form. ( Joost and Francis, 2001) TNF was formerly called cachectin and later termed TNF- a. A protein related to TNF originally termed "lymphotoxin" was also discovered which known as TNF-β. TNF-a is synthesized as a prohormone and then processed intracellularly through successive steps of proteolytic cleavage by enzyme called TNF-a converting enzyme (TACE) to its mature form. ( Joost and…

salicylate hydroxylase (11), anthranilate hydroxylase (12), melilolate hydroxylase (13). Generally, the catalytic cycles of these enzymes follow the reaction shown in Scheme 3. The reaction is composed of two parts: the reductive half-reaction and the oxidative half-reaction. Scheme 3 shows the catalytic cycle of p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase, the most extensively studied enzymes of the class, and also represents a general model of reaction mechanism for other single-component…

HALDANE RELATIONSHIP AND ONE-WAY ENZYMES  INTRODUCTION: Most of the enzyme catalyzed biological reactions are reversible in nature. However, an enzyme may prefer to catalyze the reaction more efficiently in one direction over the other under given physiological concentrations of substrate or product (substrate in the reverse direction). An enzyme favouring a virtual unidirectional catalysis of an overall reversible reaction can’t escape the laws of thermodynamics. As a catalyst doesn’t change…

Phenylalanine hydroxylase is responsible for converting Phe to Tyr and requires the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), molecular oxygen, and iron for its action (Blau et al., 2010). The reductant, BH4 is maintained in the reduced state by the NADH-dependent enzyme dihydropteridine reductase. Decreased PAH activity results in elevated Phe concentrations in blood and body tissue. As a result, approximately 75% of untreated patients experience severe neurological dysfunction (Brumm and Grant,…

An Investigation into the Activity of Alpha-amylase Enzyme in Relation to Temperature and PH Introduction: The role of amylase in plants is the breakdown of starches so that they can be used as energy in the first stages of early growth (wise geek, [B] 2016). Enzymes are extremely efficient natural catalysts that are found in cells, they work by lowering the activation energy of a reaction and providing an alternative reaction pathway. Enzymes are very specific, only catalysing certain reactions…

ABSTRACT: Enzymes are catalysts, speeding up of chemical reactions, of biological systems by lowering the activation energy (Transitioned from the AP Biology Lab Manual). In addition, in order to determine the rate of an enzymatic reaction, one must measure a change in the amount of at least one specific substrate or product over time. We were curious about determining the effects of pH and heat on enzymatic activity because these are factors that usually affect the shape of an enzyme. We…

Introduction: Enzymes are a type of the macromolecule protein, used in metabolic reactions that occur within the cell of living organisms. The role of enzymes in these reactions is to decrease the amount of energy needed to start the reactions, thus assisting the metabolic process by increasing the speed at which the reaction occurs. In other words, enzymes allow the metabolic process to happen faster than it would naturally, making them catalysts. The structure of an enzyme is important to…

and temperature on the caseinolytic activity of crude protease were done. Stability towards temperature and pH were also evaluated. The pH and temperature activity curves and other stability studies suggested the possible presence of one proteolytic enzyme in the latex of Vallaris solanacea. In the present study, separation and purification of the cysteine protease…