Enthalpy

not entirely random as it is specific to a gaseous state because it has a certain degree of order between neighboring molecules. Due to the lack of regulation and the absence of a crystal grid, compared to the crystal the amorphous form has higher enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy. Therefore, it is thermodynamically unstable and susceptible to spontaneous transition to a more stable crystalline form (14). Differences between the crystal and amorphous states are shown in Figure 3. Figure…

CRISPR stand for: Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat. The CRISPR is repeat spacer array contain a series of short direct repeats interspaced with short sequence which had been detected in the genome of many bacteria and archaea. The CRISPR method is based on the natural defense system used by bacteria to protect themselves from invading viruses. When the DNA of virus detected by bacterium, the CRISPR RNA as a guide RNA which contain a sequence, match to the invading virus…

Electronegativity is based upon the atoms strength within the element to attract electrons to form bonds. Now atoms like to fulfil the octet rule of having a perfect 8 outer shell causing it to be stable. Now unfortunately not all elements have a full outer shell now elements on the left side of the periodic table contain less than half of electrons the required energy to gain electrons is much higher than comparison to trying the energy to lose an electron. So the elements on the left side when…

decreased the position of equilibrium is moved to the right, which also results in more ammonia with a higher yield, as heat is released in this equation this is a exothermic reaction (AUS-e-TUTE, 2014) this change of heat in a system is known as enthalpy. The reaction is exothermic as the reaction favors the low temperature. More ammonia gas is produced because the reduction of temperature minuses the effect of change, and will produce more heat as it is the product of the reaction (BBC, 2014).…

Throughout the chapters studied from the book, Just Listen by Mark Goulston (2010), Goulston outlines his life as a psychiatrist and analyzes ways in which he uses in order to get through to people. As Goulston follows the interactionism perspective in the course of his book, he provides readers with several communication skills that can be used with people in our everyday life. During the book, Goulston demonstrates his values and beliefs, his viewpoints on people as well as the people he works…

Mr Jose Pool Chemistry Equilibrium system and stress factors Jake 14/08/2014 Pool Chemistry Introduction Pools with crystal clear water look inviting on a hot day however there may be unseen hazards. Invisible dangerous pathogens and microorganisms may be present in pools that aren’t treated properly and can result in harmful side effects like swimmers ear or diarrhoea. Disinfectants are used to treat pools and chlorine is by far the most commonly used. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is the…

1. Result and discussion 1.1. Characterization of PUF and removal of Fe+3 on PUF 1.1.1. Characterization of PUF 1.1.1.1. Hydrolysis of white PUF using HCl The mass lost after 24 h in HCl concentration by the PUF was 0.45%. was i.e., with increasing acid concentration and some groups of the PUF the percentage loss of mass increased were hydrolysed. The cube shape of PUF was affected by acid washing i.e.the size of the cubes became smaller and they packed more closely together (Moawed, 2008). 1.1…

2.2. Instrumentation The residual concentration of metal ion in the filtrate were analyzed by GBC, Sensaa Series Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (computerized AAS) with air-acetylene flame under the optimum instrumental conditions as shown in (Table 1). The solution pH was measured using digital pH meter (Hanna instrument model HI 8519, Italy). Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were measured on Nicolet is 10 FTIR spectrometer in the range of (4000 to 400 cm-1). Scanning electron…

The kinetics of the reaction between peroxomonosulphate with Lactic acid was studied in the presence of Mn(II) at alkaline pH. The reaction followed first order with respect to peroxomonosulphate. The rate of the reaction was studied under pseudo first order condition and found to increases with the [Mn(II)] and lactic acid. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated and reported. Based on the results a rate equation, kinetic scheme and a most probable mechanism has been predicted. Keywords: Alpha…

The three objectives of this experiment were to determine the experimental and theoretical overall heat transfer coefficient, the effects of insulation, and the number of fouled tubes in the shell and tube heat exchanger. The flow rates of the hot water supply to the tubes and the cold water supply to the shell were varied, and temperatures for the hot inlet, hot outlet, cold inlet, and cold outlet streams were recorded. These temperatures were recorded for each of the three experimental…