Enteric nervous system

Measuring Brain Activity to Reconstruct Visual Experiences The principle of perpetual evidence states that brain activity is not random, and that the processes we use in mental visualizations are used in visual perception as well. The firing of neurons that occurs when one imagines shooting a free throw are the same neurons that fire when actually doing so. The fact that brain activity is complex and calculated has helped scientists see how the brain functions, and what areas are associated with…

is more, emerging evidences suggest that, by controlling levels of cytoplasmic free Ca2+ locally in growth cones and synaptic compartments, RyRs regulate functional and structural changes in nerve cell circuits in both the developing and adult nervous systems (5), and alterations in Ca2+ homeostasis by RyRs contribute to neuronal apoptosis and excitotoxicity, which are being linked to the pathogenesis of several different neurodegenerative disorders (2,6,7). Lead ion (Pb2+) is a neurotoxin that…

All Pain Occurs in the Brain Pain is the body’s way of warning you about an injury that needs to be taken care of. With chronic pain, pain persists long after the injury has healed. Pain signals keep firing in the nervous system for weeks, months, even years. The experience of pain involves multiple interactive neural pathways that influence pain signals at several levels at once: Pain pathways become stimulated by painful stimuli and, with repeated stimulation, these pathways can become…

Dopamine Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that sends messages from the brain and different nerve cells in the body. Dopamine is considered a chemical that is produced in three different areas of the brain. The areas of the brain that are affected by Dopamine are the hypothalamus, substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area. Dopamine is linked to movement, memory, attention, inhibition of prolactin production, learning, sleep, mood, pleasurable reward, behavior, pain processing…

Niemann-pick disease is a semi-rare disease.It is made up of a group of diseases passed down through your genes. It contains fatty acids called lipids that collect in the cells of your spleen, liver, and or your brain. Three commonly recognized forms of niemann-pick disease is Types A and B which in most cases are grouped together to make Type1, and then theres Type C which make Type 2. Type A and B is called Acid Sphingomyelinase Deficiency, It is found in special parts within cells called…

The brain is the most vital part of the body. It is how we control emotions, sense pain, and analyze and make decisions. If you injure your head it rattles your brain, can have terrible short term effects, and expose you to many long term dangers. When your brain is hit the impact causes your brain to shake around your skull. The brain hits your skull damaging the neurons and other cells that are required for the brain to function. After the hit you may or may not lose consciousness. You do not…

levels to appear within fifteen to forty minutes. The effect that CAF can have is it can cross through the blood brain barrier without difficulty. In the brain, CAF competes with adenosine for binding sites (adenosine A2 receptor) in the central nervous system. CAF is the antagonist because it can block…

Introduction Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an unpredictable and disabling disease of the Central Nervous System (CNS), which is made up of the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. The Multiple Sclerosis Foundation estimates that more than 400,000 people in the United States and about 2.5 million people around the world suffer from Multiple Sclerosis (“Definition of MS,” n.d.). According to the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, the exact antigen whic targets the immune cells to attack remains…

Alzheimer Disease is a progressive brain disorder that begins with memory loss. Eventually, this leads to dementia and then death. The disease targets the hippocampus which acts as the memory and intellect database and entangles the neurons which create mixed, lost and delayed signals. The symptoms of this illness are repeated statements, forgets about conversations and events, on a regular basis misplace personal possessions, become lost in familiar places, and over time eventually forget the…

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive degeneration of alpha motor neurons, leading to muscle atrophy, paralysis, and even death1 .Mostly it has a recessive inheritance; however, autosomal dominant and X-linked inheritance has been documented2 The reported incidence is about 1 in 10,000 live births with a carrier frequency of 1 in 50.3 The gene for SMA, survival motor neuron (SMN1) has been mapped on the 5q11.2-13.3 region and there are two…