Enteric nervous system

Maria D. Rodriguez Investigation of the potential TNT transmission of α-syn between neurons in PD pathogenesis A.SPECIFIC AIMS Parkinson’s disease (PD) is defined on a molecular level as an abnormal level of Lewy-body formation, as well as the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia-nigra in the midbrain . The major protein component found in Lewy-bodies is α-synuclein. This protein is most commonly found in synaptic clefts of neurons in the brain. In familial cases, the excess…

Spinal muscular atrophy is a disorder that takes away the ability to walk, eat, or breathe. The major causes of this disorder are caused by a mutation in the survival motor cell neuron gene. The symptoms of this disorder are having breathing difficulties, leading to a lack of oxygen. Also if you have a poor muscle tone like a floppy infant. You cannot cure or treat this disorder. Nothing else contributes to this disease, and they have not found anything for it. Basically if you have Spinal…

In 1906, Alois Alzheimer described the pathological features of presenile dementia. He noted the presence of military foci (Plaques) and fibrils in the brain of one of his cases, although he was not the first to describe the clinical features nor was he the first to describe the plaques. He was, however, the first to describe the fibrils. This disease was named after him by his senior colleague because of his statement that he was describing a new disease entity. (Hardy 2006).…

Electrical and chemical synapses serve different functions in the nervous system, and the use of each type of synapse has advantages and disadvantages for situations requiring signal transmission. One of the advantages of the use of an electrical synapse is speed, as electrical synapses allow action potentials to pass directly from neuron to neuron through the use of gap junctions. This direct passage and resulting speed of transmission isn’t present in chemical synapses. Chemical synapses rely…

Patients who recover from chronic stroke and other brain-related problems such as surgery on brain cancer tend to lose balance and gait abilities. This includes involuntary movements of some voluntary muscles in parts of the body. Lack of Coordination between the brain and the muscles when impaired lead to the involuntary muscular movement, a condition that affects many post-stroke patients. There have been a number of mechanisms to help post-stroke patients continue with their usual activities…

Alzheimer's disease usually develops through several steps and stages slowly and progressively gets worse over the years. It eventually affects most parts of your brain, including the memory, thinking, judgment, language, problem-solving, personality and movement[1]. The rate of progression for Alzheimer's disease differs extensively. On average, people with Alzheimer's disease live 8 to 10 years after diagnosis, but some people can survive 25 years[2]. There are Three important stages of…

Parkinson’s is the second leading disorder affecting older adults; Alzheimer’s being the first. This disease is characterized by motor irregularities that include tremors, slowness, and rigidness. There are not only motor symptoms associated with the disease; there are also non-motor symptoms that include difficulties in the area of cognition, emotions, and sleeping (Eccles, Murray, and Simpson, 2011). Unfortunately, this disease is also a progressive disorder, meaning that as time goes on the…

growth during development will cause brain malformation that will interfere with transmission of brain signals. Infections, fevers, accidents, or other conditions that cause unhealthy conditions in the mother's womb also put the unborn baby’s nervous system at risk. Blood inside the brain from blocked or broken blood vessels is caused by fetal stroke. It is common for babies to suffer stroke in the mother's womb when blood clots in the placenta obstruct blood flow in the brain. Maternal high…

Dr. Vilayanur Subramanian Ramachandran was born in 1951, in Tamil Nadu, India. Ramachandran moved around India and Asia with his family. Dr. Ramachandran is “Director of the Center for Brain and Cognition and Distinguished Professor with the Psychology Department and Neurosciences Program at the University of California, San Diego, and Adjunct Professor of Biology at the Salk Institute”. Dr. Vilayanur Ramachandran is “best known for work on visual perception and experiments in behavioral…

There are damages in the brain that can be genetic or born with. These are very dangerous because that means that it can develop anytime form tha age of twenty to eighty. A well-known disease that one is born with is epilepsy. the brain losses cells everytime a seizure hits someone. If seizures have been occurring since birth, the development of the brain is harmed because of the loss of brain cells during the brains “maturing” ages. Psychopathy is also a disease that an individual can be born…