Energy conservation

Therefore, the three-dimensional unsteady heat conduction differential equation is: where T (x, t) is the temperature of the spot x at the time t and is also the coefficient of thermal diffusivity used to measure the heat transfer and storage ability of the material, which varies with temperature and position. Equation (5) gives the form of three-dimensional heat transfer function. It is generally difficult to find the analytical solution because of the complexity of the actual solution…

HOW JCB MACHINE WORKS The Basic Idea of Hydraulics: The basic idea behind any hydraulic system is very simple. Force that is applied at one point is transmitted to another point using an incompressible fluid. The fluid is almost always an oil of some sort. The force is almost always multiplied in the process. If two pistons fit into two glass cylinders fitted with oil and connected to one another with an oil-filled pipe. If you apply a downward force to one piston(suppose the left one), then…

HYPOTHESIS The main hypothesis being investigated is that a more buoyant boat will have a higher velocity. It will encounter less water resistance as less of the hull is below the water. The secondary hypothesis is that the smaller the angle x, a surface is to the water, it will be able to skim and plane across the surface better, thus achieving greater speeds. The models of the boats will be further explained in the Methodology: Boat Design section. Experiment 1: Model A will have a velocity…

transducer. The sensing capability of a PZT patch is utilized in sensing conductance to monitor health of a structure. Key features include low cost, small size, dynamic performance, and fast response, long range of linearity, long term stability, and high energy conversion efficiency. PZT patches of any shape, size or thickness can be manufactured at a relatively low cost and it can be used over a wide range of pressures without serious non-linearity. Since it is characterised by a high elastic…

A water jet cutter, commonly called a water jet, is a tool that uses a very high-pressure jet of water or a mixture of water and an abrasive to cut a wide variety of materials. A water jet that does not use abrasives is referred to as a pure water jet or water-only cutting [1]. For a pure water jet (Figure 1) the water is pressurized to the range of 20 - 94 ksi, 138 - 649 MPa at the inlet and forced through an orifice with a diameter of between 0.25 - 4 mm creating a very thin high velocity…

BATTERY BANK THE CHEMISTRY According to (Wikipedia, 2016), the deep-cycle battery is a type of lead-acid battery designed to be regularly deeply discharged using the majority of its capacity (45% - 75% depending on manufacturing and construction). These batteries are able to be cycled down to 20% charge, but the best cost vs lifespan method is to keep the average cycle at approximately 45% discharge. There is an indirect correlation between the number of charge and discharge cycles the battery…

two relaxation times are introduced in constitutive equations. Green and Naghdi (1993) proposed a thermoelasticity without energy dissipation. Here, the Fourier’s law is replaced by a heat flux rate-temperature gradient relation. Hetnarski and Ignackzak (1996) introduced a low temperature thermo elasticity. In this model, in comparison to the classical theory, the free energy and the heat flux both depend on the temperature and the strain tensor, and also on the elastic heat flow that satisfies…

Description of the proposed heat release rate model. The cylinder gas is considered as a spatially homogeneous thermodynamic system occupying in a single zone for the compression, expansion, intake, exhaust processes and two zones (burned and unburned zone) for the combustion process. The instantaneous composition of cylinder gases are obtained from the mass fraction of fuel burned. The instantaneous thermodynamic properties are computed by the established equations [20-21, 28]. The…

Investigation Hooke’s Law AIM: To investigate how a spring behaves when a force of load stretches it. To figure out the relationship between the loads added to spring and the extension of spring. HYPOTHESIS: I think that as the load added to spring increases, the extension of the spring will increase. The relationship between them will be directly proportional. The formula of these two variables might be F=kx. F stands for the load added to spring, k is spring constant and x stands for…

Velocity and Beam diameter. The observations of the model can be summarized as below: As Laser Power increases the LAZ Depth of workpiece surface will also increase. This is because the heat input to the workpiece is increasing due to increase in Energy Density. As the Scan Velocity decreases the temperature on workpiece surface will increase. This is because with the decrease in Scan Velocity, the Power Density increases, those results in more heat input. As the Beam diameter decreases…