Endothelium

Chapter Two Literature Review 2.1 Multiple Sclerosis Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that remains incurable. The disease manifests as a wide range of neurological deficits including cognitive impairment, impaired coordination, visual disturbances, and extremity numbness (Weinshenker et al., 1989). MS affects approximately 400,000 people in the US and 2.5 million worldwide and it is the most common inflammatory neurological disease…

Over an eight year period from the years 2005 through 2013 more than eight thousand individuals have been diagnosed with cat scratch disease (cdc.gov). Evidence of some symptoms individuals would develop when they would contract this illness was first notified back in the 1950’s, but the disease causing agent wasn’t identified until the mid-1980’s. Even though this disease has not been proven to cause death amongst its victims it is still important to understand some key factors to be aware of…

complement, binds to Fc receptors, and enhances phagocytosis.10 IL-6 increases body temperature and initiates acute phase response.9 IL-1-Beta induces fever, T-cell & macrophage activation.11 Also during inflammation, the surfaces of blood vessel endothelium express cell-adhesion molecules known as ICAM- 1 and ICAM-2.9 If there is tissue damage, fibrinogen helps form blood clots to stop bleeding.12 PAI1 is the main inhibitor of plasminogen activators (inhibits the breakdown of blood clots)…

Demonstrate the role of stents in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (coronary angioplasty) Introduction The heart is a pump that circulates blood to the rest of the human body. It is positioned at the centre of the chest, just between the lungs. The network of blood vessels that branch over the surface of the heart are the coronary arteries. Figure 1 outlines the coronary arteries on the heart which supply the cardiac muscles with nutrients such as oxygen and glucose needed to survive [1].…

1 Hypothalamus – a small region of the brain that is a major link between the nervous and endocrine system. The hypothalamus controls the autonomic nervous system and regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, fear, rage, and sexual behavior. The hypothalamus control feeling such as pain, stress, and emotional experiences. (1) 2 Pituitary gland – the “master endocrine gland” because it secretes many hormones that control other endocrine glands. It is a “pea-shaped structure that attaches to…

for many ophthalmologists, is an inflammation of the cornea. “Keratitis” is the term for inflammation of the cornea, while “interstitial” refers to the area between cells. In this case, it refers to the stroma—the area between the epithelium and endothelium of the cornea. Other names include “nonulcerative keratitis”, which describes the inflammation as not breaking through the epithelial layer of the cornea via sores, “syphilitic keratitis,” termed because syphilis is the most common cause of…

blood cells but can also infect the host endothelial cells and possibly bone marrow progenitor cells. Bartonella henselae is one of three species of the genus Bartonella that has a unique ability to cause angiogenic lesions by colonizing vascular endothelium. The bacterium has nine outer membrane proteins. One of the proteins has the ability to bind to endothelial cells which can then allow the bacterium to enter the cells through phagocytosis (Forbes, 2007). This outer membrane protein is…

DISCUSSION The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of infliximab in the treatment of ulcerative colitis and to observe the presence of any side effects to infliximab. Infliximab tends to be used as a third-line therapy in patients with moderate to severe UC or as a rescue therapy [8]. However, experts have proposed that earlier use during less severe disease states (i.e., moderate UC) could benefit many patients [9] [10] [11]. Furthermore, infliximab can potentially attain the new…

thrombus or areas of narrowing. A likely candidate for the cause of the professor’s TIA could be a partially blocked carotid artery caused by atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a hardening or narrowing of the arteries caused by damage to the endothelium, or inner lining, of the vessels which can be attributed to the professor’s high cholesterol, hypertension (high blood pressure) and high blood sugar. The professor reported not taking his blood pressure or cholesterol medications which…

Over the last decade, monumental advances in the medical field have taken place, resulting in prompt recognition and management of many diseases. Despite this, meningococcal disease remains one of the leading causes of death in children and young people worldwide (Dowson, 2014). With its rapid onset and serious nature, meningococcal septicaemia affects up to 0.95% of the western world’s population each year making it essential for health professionals to understand the pathophysiology,…