Endoplasmic reticulum

The role of oxysterols in human body and disease 1. Introduction Oxysterols are 27-carbon derivatives of cholesterol created by spontaneous or enzymatic oxidation (Figure 1, (Brown and Jessup, 2009)). The oxidation of cholesterol occurs either on the side chain or on the sterol core. Side chain oxidation generates, e.g., 24-hydroxycholesterol (24-HC), 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) or 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-HC) while the core oxidation gives rise to ring oxysterols, mostly ring-B oxysterols,…

The structure of an enzyme is important because if the structure of the protein is denatured, the protein can not function properly either. Being denatured can be caused by many things but changing the pH or temperature are the main ways to make a protein not to function properly. Any little change in the sequence from protein folding can cause dramatic consequences that might lead to disease or sickness. Cystic Fibrosis is a common disease that affects the whole body, the main and most…

a shortening of the sarcomeres and the I-band, and the cardiomyocyte contracts (6) (7) (8). Several mechanisms allow a removal of Ca²+ from the cytosol for muscle relaxation including active Ca²+ uptake into the sarcoplasmatic reticulum via the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca²+ transporter (SERCA) (9) and ejection through the sarcolemma by virtue of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (10) as major mechanisms. The net result of these changes is recurrent increases and decreases in Ca²+ concentration and…

said to occur very early in pregnancy (Stage 1), is thought to be the underlying factor that causes incomplete placentation with reduction in remodeling of spiral arteries in the maternal utero-placental circulation (Stage 2). Enhancement of endoplasmic reticulum stress and placental oxidative stress occurs, with release of different placental factors into the maternal circulation that cause endothelial dysfunction, excessive inflammation in the maternal vascular system, and subsequently the…

in middle of twentieth century and is used in science stream. Natural occurring prohormones in the human body are pro-opiomelanocortin and proinsulin. The conversion of prohormones into hormones basically occurs when these are exported to endoplasmic reticulum and entails many multiple processing enzymes. For instance, proinsulin is oftenly processed by PC 3, carboxypeptidase and PC ½ such that it can afford insulin. Whereas proamlyin that is co secreted by proinsulin needs the three factors…

The gaseous hormone ethylene is perceived by the ethylene receptors which reside at the endoplasmic reticulum membranes4. In the genetic model plant Arabidopsis, there are five ethylene receptors (ETR1, ERS1, ETR2, ERS2, and EIN4), that fall into two subfamilies depending on functional kinase activity, and a subset of the receptors contains a receiver domain which promotes interaction with CTR15, 6. Interestingly, the receiver domain of ethylene receptors has a remarkable structural similarity…

existing in any cell membrane. It is found in every single cell in the human body. According to cholesterol-and-health.com, “the mitochondria, the so-called "power-house" of the cell, contains only three percent cholesterol by mass, and the endoplasmic reticulum, which is involved in making and modifying proteins, is six percent cholesterol by mass.” Fun fact, the membrane has…

“No!” the king's wife cried. “My husband has fallen upon the ground, dead! Oh, how could this ever happen to me! What have I done wrong!” How would you feel if I told you that this dramatic play had something to do with a plant cell? Well, first off, it’s not just dramatic plays, any play will do. Secondly, there are a lot of organelles in a plant cell so I will just be stating the organelles that I think best correspond with different parts needed to produce a play. This piece of writing will…

The project that choose to do was a softball field how I am going to make this project is by having the, Nucleus be in charge of the manger for the softball field and if the manager left then we would have nobody in charge because tectonically we don’t need a manger for that time period of the games because everyone would be doing there own thing at their field so we really don’t need a manager at the field.The Mitochondria will be in control of the lights so that when it gets dark the lights…

extremely easy for things to invade the cell; this is because on of the cell membranes job is to control what come in and out of the cell (i.e. ions, viruses, etc). Also the cell membrane is what helps hold the cell and all of its organelles Endoplasmic Reticulum (AKA the ER), smooth and rough whats the difference? The smooth ER does not have any ribosomes while the rough ER is covered in the protein producing ribosomes. Because of this the smooth ER does not produce proteins while the rough ER…