Endoplasmic reticulum

The Structure and Function of Monomeric Actin Caroline Lussier The Protein Data Bank is a free, updated archive and resource containing information about the structure of macromolecules including proteins and nucleic acids. This material allows users to better understand and compare the building blocks of life. More specifically, this database can help users to draw conclusions about how large molecule conformations help to determine the direction of drug development. The Protein Data Bank has…

Each Rab specifically targets to a membrane compartment and controls several factors, such as protein and lipid composition of the membrane, fusion between distinct compartments, vesicle motility along microtubules, and interaction with the cytoskeleton. The membrane targeting process, as well as specific binding to GDI, requires post-translational isoprenylation (geranylgeranyl moieties) of the two Cys residues at or near the C-terminus of Rab (Chavrier et al., 1991; Ullrich et al., 1993). √…

A. The cell membrane is made up of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates. The phospholipids and cholesterol both help create the roof of the cell membrane and they both regulate the fluidity of the cell membrane. The proteins in the cell membrane help provide a structural function, transport function, and signaling function all within the membrane (Yeagle, 1989). The carbohydrates are on the external side of the cell membrane. Also the carbohydrates provide a signaling function…

Each lectin molecule usually comprises of two or more carbohydrate-combining sites, i.e., they are di- or polyvalent. Concanavalin A (a tetramer protein originally extracted from the jack-bean, Canavalia ensiformis) is a member of the legume lectin family and is a particular lectin that has been observed to be able to agglutinate a multitude of cell types, including myocytes, B-lymphocytes and fibroblasts, but for it to perform this action, it needs the presences of sugars which include mannose…

Muscle fatigue could be caused by the terminal cisterna not having enough Ca2+ to continue with the contraction. Another cause of muscle fatigue could be damage to the sarcoplasmic reticulum. When the Sarcoplasmic reticulum becomes damaged, they must be repaired by repolarization. While repairing the Sarcoplasmic reticulum the muscle is unable to contract, which definitely correlates to muscle fatigue. Loss of oxygen while climbing causes me breath heavily at times. My body is breathing…

TRPML1’s Impact on MLIV In the article, “Fusion of lysosomes with secretory organelles leads to uncontrolled exocytosis in the lysosomal storage disease mucolipidosis type IV” discussed the impacts of TRMPL1 on MLIV. Lysosomes are important in maintaining healthy cells, however, with the absence of lysosomal TRP channel TRPML1 then the lysosomal pH becomes more acidic because of the calcium leakage; hence, this makes lysosomes more sensitive to fusing, and due to being near exocytosis regulating…

Both types of cells have a cytoplasm which contains various organelles. Both plant and animal cells have a cell membrane that surrounds. The different types of cells contain many of the same organelles such as ribosomes, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the mitochondria. Plant and animal cells are also very different, I will name four. The first one is that plants are surrounded by a cell wall and cell membrane while animal…

As we all know and have been studying as scientist that the cell is the basic unit of life. The cell provides structure for the body, takes in nutrients from food, convert those nutrients to energy and carries out specialized functions. The cell is composed of many parts, all with different functions. The cell is made up of two major parts which include the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear envelope, which can also be referred to as the nuclear membrane which is…

Endoplasmic reticulum stress is a results of damage endoplasmic reticulum and resultant endoplasmic reticulum stress lead to abnormal ion channel function, gene expression, transcriptional regulation, metabolism and protein folding. Endoplasmic reticulum condition produced by variety of adverse stimulation such as predominantly hyperglycemia, production and accumulation of ROS…

Microtubules, which are made of protein subunits called tubulin, are the thickest of all three cytoskeletal filaments. Microtubules are mainly serving as the paths along which vesicles are guided in their travels to various destinations, and are responsible for associating with motor proteins attached to the vesicles. Microtubules can also expand or shrink in length in order to establish dynamic structures that can efficiently change the internal organization of the cell, and capture organelles…